The article is devoted to the current issues of improving the economic mechanism in the agro-industrial complex. Currently, the agro-industrial complex is tasked with increasing the volume of production and export of agricultural products. In order to ensure progressive economic growth and the implementation of target settings, it is necessary to improve the current economic mechanism in the agro-industrial complex. The economic mechanism in the agro-industrial complex is characterized by several subsystems: price, budget and tax, credit, insurance, which in turn are described by a set of structural characteristics. The authors note that a number of negative factors have formed in the industry that significantly worsen its functioning, in particular: sanctions pressure, low dynamics of investment activity, significant budget constraints, high key rate of the Bank of Russia, this negatively affects the efficiency of the current economic mechanism. A balanced system of prices and price relations in the economic mechanism is the basis for its sustainable functioning. Currently, the agro-industrial complex is experiencing an annual increase in price imbalances between agriculture and other industries. In terms of state support, it is noted that direct budget transfers to farmers make up less than a third of the total budget funds within the State Program. In the economic mechanism of the agro-industrial complex, lending plays one of the key roles. The authors analyze the main factors influencing lending processes in modern conditions. It is emphasized that significant regional differentiation has formed in the development of lending and investment processes. Due to the high key rate of the Bank of Russia and current budget constraints, changes have been made to the preferential mechanism of agricultural lending that worsen the economic availability of credit resources. As a result, the authors propose a system of measures to improve the economic mechanism in the agro-industrial complex, in terms of prices and price relations, subsidies, lending, and agricultural insurance.
The article raises the problem of spatial determinacy of food security in the border regions of Russia. It proves the need to take into account such components of food supply in the border regions of Russia as dependence on imports, self-sufficiency and self-sufficiency. For the period 2019-2023, an assessment was made of the general level of food self-sufficiency in the border regions of Russia for the main food groups (meat and meat products, milk and dairy products, eggs, potatoes, vegetables, fruits). It has been established that for most border regions food self-sufficiency is generally below the Russian average, with its characteristic heterogeneity in individual types of food. Significant disproportions in the organization of food production by agroclimatic zones have been revealed. This is a consequence of both the openness of most border regions and the development of disunited and poorly integrated production in the absence of a systemic state policy to ensure rational spatial organization of agriculture. In the interests of ensuring food security in border regions and the Russian Federation as a whole, an effective organization of food production is proposed, taking into account agroclimatic conditions, the economic and geographical position of the regions and the capacity of markets: development of interregional exchange, creation of reserves and stocks of food and agricultural raw materials, organization of transportation of products taking into account state support.
The article presents the monitoring of socio-economic indicators of food security in Russia. The evaluation criteria were indicators of self-sufficiency in food, the share of food expenditures, and the purchasing power of the median per capita monetary income of the population, the level of poverty, caloric intake and balanced diet, demonstrating how the current level of development of the agricultural sector and real disposable incomes of the population ensures rational food consumption. The trends of a decrease in the purchasing power of monetary incomes of the population both in the whole country and among individual subjects of the Russian Federation in the context of an inflationary increase in the general price level are revealed. The difference in the ratio of the value of the actual established consumer basket to the rational (recommended) value in the whole country in 2020 was 7.0%, and in 2023 – 19.0%, respectively. There is an economic limitation of the population in the consumption of fruits, vegetables, milk and dairy products. It has been established that the implementation of measures aimed at stimulating meat production in precocious livestock sectors, including domestic poultry and pig farming, has contributed not only to a high level of food self-sufficiency, but also to the economic accessibility of this type of food. The subjects of the Russian Federation were typologized according to the level of self-sufficiency in key types of agricultural products, economic accessibility and food sufficiency, which made it possible to group the country's territories by types differing in the level of development of the agricultural sector, the purchasing power of household incomes, and food quality, differentiate the directions of federal and regional agri-food policy, and develop internal logistics links in certain segments of the agri-food market and territories., It is reasonable to manage the interregional exchange of food, assess the situation with economic and social accessibility and form the necessary measures to improve the quality and standard of living of the population, the development of the agricultural sector of the country.
This study involves the development of a methodology for assessing the prospects for the introduction of digital ecosystems based on algorithms for the distributed production of consumer goods for the organization of alternative employment in rural areas. The relevance of the scientific work is justified by the need to provide the population of the country's regions with an equal standard of living in conditions of increasing socio-economic turbulence and geopolitical instability. The research methodology involved analyzing the potential of distributed production in rural areas according to the algorithm proposed by the authors, aimed at identifying groups of subjects of the Russian Federation, in accordance with certain indicators, into «Economically active», «Steadily developing», «Potential» and «Specific». The grouping allows us to assess the possibility of forming an ecosystem of digital distributed production services for alternative employment, thanks to which an economic strategy built for rural development. The data obtained can be useful for adjusting programs of the subjects of the Russian Federation, contributing to the support of the population and local producers, and changing the market infrastructure.
In the context of the accelerating digital transformation of the global economy, agriculture faces the urgent need to transition toward new technological and institutional models of development. The aim of this study is to provide a theoretical and methodological justification for the concept of digital agriculture and to develop a methodological toolkit for the quantitative assessment of the digitalization level in the agricultural sector. The study includes a conceptual analysis of key categories such as “digital agriculture,” “digitalization,” “digital transformation,” and “digital technologies,” and proposes a three-level model for interpreting digital processes in the agri-food sector (technological, procedural, and strategic levels). Based on the principles of normalization, weighted aggregation, and the use of open data, an integral indicator - the AgriDigit Index - was developed to quantitatively assess the digital maturity of the agricultural sector. The empirical basis includes data on the adoption of ten key digital technologies in Russian agriculture from 2020 to 2023. The results made it possible to determine the level of digital maturity in the sector, identify its dynamics, and outline the key constraints to development. The proposed methodology is highly reproducible, adaptable to national and regional conditions, and can serve as a tool for shaping digital strategies in the agri-food sector. The findings may be applied in strategic planning for agricultural digital development, as well as in analytical and expert activities related to monitoring the digital transformation of agriculture. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the systematic integration of conceptual and indicator-based logic for diagnosing digital transformation, combined with a reproducible method for quantifying digital maturity.
The objective of the study: to perform a comprehensive assessment of the current state of vegetable production, analyze the indicators of economic development of the sub-sector and substantiate the main factors of growth of its efficiency, using the original methodology of “optimal management of innovation processes”. The research methodology is presented by an algorithm development labor-intensive crops (using the example of a typical representative of protected soil vegetable growing) based on innovative technologies, including a set of individual elements combined into a whole. The first element, “state policy and financing of innovative development of vegetable growing technologies,” will allow us to analyze sources of state financing until 2030 – 3949406.98 thousand rub. from the federal budget, 2802907.17 thousand rub. from extra-budgetary sources. The second element is the calculation and analysis of the main economic indicators of the leading greenhouse farms of the Saratov region, which identified the main producers of protected ground vegetables - JSC Volga, LLC REHN, JSC Sovkhoz-Vesna, LLC Leto-2002, which account for approximately 97.8% of the regional total. The third element includes determining the investment attractiveness of the objects under study for capital investment in new technologies. The simple investment attractiveness index tended to grow in 2023 compared to 2014 by 0.34 p.p., 0.12 p.p., 0.11 p.p., respectively, for the selected objects. The fourth element in the inversion scenario approach determined the size of internal reserves for capital investment due to modernization and accumulated depreciation. It is proposed to have two independent directions of development, focused on: 1. creation of a technological basis for the modernization of the production sector; 2. expansion of the scale of production. The fifth element contains the calculation of the final indicators of the effectiveness of the development of labor-intensive crops. Construction of a trend using the least squares method determined an annual growth trend in labor productivity of 9.49 centners per person and an increase in wages by 7457.43 rubles/person as a result of the expansion of the scale of production and by 40091.61 rubles/person due to improved qualifications.
Innovative modernization of traditional agricultural practices is a fundamental component of the investment and innovation development of the sector. In this article, the innovative modernization of basic agricultural technologies over time periods and the expected effects of new technologies are examined. Based on this analysis, S-shaped logistic curves of the development of agricultural technologies for smart irrigation systems, automated and robotic harvesting, storage systems for crop products based on artificial intelligence, and digital twins in agriculture have been constructed. The stages of technological development, according to R. Foster's theory are correlated with Technology Readiness Levels (TRL). Using the constructed S-shaped logistic curves, the prospects for investment and innovation development in agriculture are justified, focusing on the identified technological gaps between basic and new technologies in the sector and the main advantages of implementing new technologies. In conclusion, the necessity of analyzing the evolution of agricultural technologies for effective management of identified technological gaps is emphasized.
The main drawback of the modern organizational and economic mechanism for the development of the agro-industrial complex based on digitalization is, as defined earlier, the problems generated by the asymmetry of information between the three types of actors in this process: 1) the producer of digital innovations, 2) the consumer of digital innovations, and 3) the state as a regulatory body. A mechanism is needed to stimulate the development and implementation of innovations, including digital ones, which would combine the interests and actions of these three stakeholders from the very beginning. Of particular interest are foreign studies on the topic of "stakeholder engagement", that is, the involvement of stakeholders. This usually implies the development and implementation of approaches to changing the attitudes of stakeholders to the activities of an existing entity (firm, organization, etc.). What is required is something fundamentally different: the development of an organizational and economic mechanism of a kind of temporary small consortium with the participation of the state. We call the corresponding form the Digital Intersectoral Innovation Project, abbreviated as CIIP. The organizational and economic mechanism of the CIIP should be economically beneficial to all participants in the development and implementation, therefore, it should contain provisions that the profit from the implementation of the innovation will be divided between the CIIP participants. To calculate the planned share of participation of each of the CIIP parties, the stages of development and implementation of digital innovations (DI) are determined in advance and the share of participation of each party is predicted for each stage. The stages of CIIP development can be a list of stages characteristic of automated systems as the main form of digital innovations (DI) (concept, technical specifications, draft design, technical design, working design, testing, industrial implementation, etc.). The transition to actual development begins either with the announcement by the state of a competition for the development of a digital innovation with specific goals or with the submission of a joint application by the manufacturer and consumer for state co-financing. After acceptance into test industrial operation and its successful implementation, the parties begin scaling the innovation, that is, selling it. A certain share of each sale of a product of a specific CMIP, for example, equal to the share of preferential financing of costs, is transferred to the state.
This study involves studying the institutional essence of small forms of economic activity, as well as identifying key factors influencing their innovative development. The basis of the study is a set of scientific approaches to understanding the institutional essence of economic development in modern conditions. The fundamental research methods are the dialectical approach, comparative analysis and observation, generalization, and the methods of correlation and regression analysis are also used to identify the influence of institutional factors on the level of innovative development of small business entities. In the conditions of the post-industrial economy, there is a constant interaction of small businesses with state and public institutions. The specificity of the market mechanism of interaction between the state, business and the population determines the presence of various forms and relations of such interaction. In the course of the study, significant factors were identified that determine the nature of institutional support for the innovative development of small business entities in modern realities. These include, in particular, the digitalization of the economy, the degree of corruption, the level of use of human capital, etc. The dependence of the innovative development of small business entities on the level of institutional development of the region was proven. The research results are the basis for further development of a strategy for the regional development of small businesses.
In Russia, as in many other countries, sanctions have a significant impact on the economy and the dairy industry is no exception. One of the main consequences of sanctions for the Russian dairy industry is the restriction of access to imported products. This can lead to an increase in prices for dairy products due to a decrease in supply and deterioration in product quality due to a lack of raw materials. However, sanctions can also stimulate the development of domestic dairy production and strengthen the position of local producers in the market. This may lead to an increase in the competitiveness of the Russian dairy industry in the global market. To compensate for import restrictions, the Russian government has taken a number of measures to support the dairy industry. Subsidies for agricultural producers were increased; funds were invested in equipment modernization and infrastructure development. These measures are aimed at increasing productivity and reducing the cost of domestic dairy products. In addition, the sanctions have prompted the search for alternative suppliers of raw materials and equipment. Russian manufacturers are actively cooperating with Asian and Latin American countries, establishing new logistics chains and concluding lucrative contracts. All this underlines that the topic of sanctions remains relevant for our country and industry markets at the moment. The purpose of the work is to qualitatively and quantitatively study the dairy industry market in the Russian Federation and identify opportunities for further import substitution of the industry. The novelty of the work is reflected in the identification of ways to solve problems in the market related to sanctions.