The article is conceptual and debatable on how to increase the effectiveness of scientific and technological development by changing the management architecture and research funding model. The goal is to argue that the key limitation is not so much the amount of budgetary allocations as institutional defects: departmental fragmentation and the weak integration of scientific organizations into economic incentives, which often results in a lack of sustainable demand for their products. The innovation complex is proposed to be described as three levels: fundamental and humanitarian research; applied research and R&D; and mass inventions and rationalization. The management of levels should be autonomous, but connected by a common incentive - innovation rent. The study proposes a redistribution of management functions: the fundamental/humanitarian block - under the auspices of the academic center, the applied - through industry-specific contours (ministries/large corporations and industry-specific scientific foundations), and "people's innovations" - through regional and corporate foundations. It is assumed that the financing of applied research will be predominantly extrabudgetary, due to the institutionalized innovation rent with a regulatory distribution between customers, scientific creative teams, and implementing entities. At the same time, the motivation of researchers is enhanced through a combination of project management, royalties, and alternative scoring of results. For transparency, a digital framework for supporting innovation cycles (including blockchain tools) is proposed. The discussion of the work and the need for further discussion in the periodical press and at scientific events are based on serious prerequisites: the measurability and legal regime of innovation rent, the risks of “departmental corporatization” of science, the feasibility of the proposed reform in a short time, the design of quality metrics, and the balance between the freedom of scientific research and the manageability of the project portfolio. These issues form a natural agenda for further scientific discussion and empirical verification.
The study aims to address an important scientific and practical challenge: ensuring equal access to state support for small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises (SMEs) and improving its effectiveness. In recent years, the structure of state support has undergone significant changes. While the federal budget has increased funding for grant support for "Supporting Beginning Farmers and Their Cooperatives" and "Developing Family Livestock Farms Based on Farms," the amount of unconditional support for loan subsidies has decreased. A significant impact of regional affiliation on the profitability of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises has been established, with the most favorable conditions observed in the Southern and Central Federal Districts. Econometric modeling has confirmed a positive relationship between the share of small and medium-sized enterprises receiving government support and indicators of profitability, labor productivity, and investment activity. At the same time, the most effective support programs are subsidies for technical and technological modernization and grants for the development of farms. Based on the results of econometric modeling, additional recommendations have been formulated to optimize the system of state support for small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises.
This article examines the theoretical foundations of the organizational and economic mechanism of agricultural land use used in the implementation of the State Program for the Effective Use of Agricultural Land and the Development of the Land Reclamation Complex in the Russian Federation for 2022-2031. The authors present the evolution of the category "mechanism," which was studied from the institutional approach proposed by J. M. Keynes (later developed by L. Gurvitz, R. Myerson, and E. Maskin), developed in the functional approach of A. Kulman, continued in the structural approach of L. I. Abalkin, transformed in the integration approach of A. Yu. Chalenko, V. A. Slepov, V. K. Burlachkov, and K. V. Ordov, and modified in the cybernetic approach of M. P. Loginov. The presented approaches allowed the authors of the article to identify a set of measures planned by the State Program for the Effective Use of Agricultural Land and the Development of the Land Reclamation Complex of the Russian Federation for 2022-2031, namely: first, determining the current boundaries of agricultural land plots based on the information from the Unified State Register of Land and Property on the number of land plots as of January 1, 2024. As of today, the largest number of plots registered in the Unified State Register of Real Estate is 27% in the Central Federal District, 22% in the Volga Federal District, 12% each in the Southern and Siberian Federal Districts, 8% in the North-Western Federal District, 7% in the Ural Federal District, 6% in the Far Eastern Federal District, and a small number in the territorial authorities of the Donetsk People's Republic, the Lugansk People's Republic, the Zaporizhzhia Region, and the Kherson Region, secondly, the analysis of the fertility of unused arable land, the preparation of land surveying projects for unclaimed land shares, and the implementation of cadastral registration of agricultural land with the inclusion of information about such land plots, including their boundaries, in the Unified State Register of Real Estate in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation.
The article discusses the theoretical and applied aspects of optimizing the technical service system in the agro-industrial complex based on the construction of an economic and mathematical model for the placement of machine technology stations (MTS). The relevance of the topic is due to the high level of physical wear and tear of agricultural machinery, limited production resources, tight agrotechnological deadlines and insufficient efficiency of decentralized service schemes. The object of the study is the system of inter-farm technical service in the Saratov region. The purpose of the study is to develop and test a model for optimal MTS placement, taking into account restrictions on arable land, production capacity of machinery, logistical costs and specialization of agricultural production. The methodological basis of the work is linear programming with constraints reflecting the agro-economic structure and spatial specifics of the region. An empirical verification of the model was carried out using the example of three districts of the Saratov region - Balashovsky, Petrovsky and Romanovsky. The simulation results showed a reduction in total costs for mechanized work by 12.4–17.1%, a reduction in logistical leverage by 37-52%, an increase in the technical readiness coefficient to 0.94 and a reduction in unplanned equipment downtime by more than 30%. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the integration of agronomic, technical and logistical factors into a single optimization model focused on the regional management level. The practical significance lies in the possibility of applying the results in the formation of programs for the modernization of production infrastructure and territorial planning of service facilities in the agro-industrial complex.
In modern business conditions, it becomes obvious that the existing systems of production and sale of products do not cope with the challenges that arise during the development of the processes of transformation of the market mechanism, which is undergoing deep transformational changes. It should be noted that transformational changes also apply to the domestic market, where in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption there are multidirectional vectors of expression of interests of each of the participants in the market mechanism. The state is in a constant choice between optimizing the interests of all market participants. This situation is a constant companion of any production process in the agro-industrial complex, because due to the specifics of the agro-industrial sector, it is impossible to influence both the demand and the supply of commercial products in a short time. In the presence of a wide export potential, one can count on the fact that the interests of the overwhelming number of participants in the agro-industrial market will be respected, and, therefore, such a system of relations in itself represents a more harmonious and complete mechanism. Only by obtaining positive final results from the process of activity of the agro-industrial sector can we justify both the behavioral model in domestic markets and the system of relations with external partners, which will allow satisfying the interests of all interested participants of the market mechanism of activity of the agro-industrial sector, both at the micro and macro levels of economic development.
In publications, the economic efficiency of tillage methods varies depending on the natural and climatic zone, crop rotation, and the use of chemicals. There is no unambiguous assessment of the advantages of any processing method. Surface tillage, which prevails in agricultural enterprises of the Kurgan region, combined with the use of optimal doses of fertilizers and plant protection products in comparison with plowing and the existing option of direct sowing contributes to an increase in yields and the economic efficiency of growing grain crops. In the Kurgan Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences, the technology of growing crops without soil treatment was studied from 2008 to 2024. The test results generally confirm the production data: the highest crop yields were obtained using plowing, and economic efficiency during surface treatment. Labor productivity is higher when using a grain-and-steam crop rotation, and the need for tractor drivers is lower than when using a fruit-cutting machine. When plowing is used during harvesting and after harvesting, labor productivity decreases in comparison with surface tillage and direct sowing. In conditions where plowing is replaced by surface treatment, which is carried out after harvesting, the peak load of field work falls in the spring period. In this case, the differences in the load of arable land per tractor driver in the application of surface tillage and without tillage are not significant. In enterprises with a high proportion of surface tillage, the load of arable land per tractor driver is higher compared to farms with a lower proportion of cultivated soil or direct sowing. The load of arable land and the productivity of tractor drivers mainly depend on their energy capacity.
Today, global trends in the production and consumption of fish and fish products are associated with the development of aquaculture projects that have a positive impact on the food security of the territory. The research hypothesis of this work is based on the assumption that the development of aquaculture projects in the northern and Arctic regions of Russia is associated with a number of features and problems of an ecological and socio-economic nature. Using the methods of comparative analysis and sociological survey, the authors come to a number of conclusions confirming the hypothesis put forward. The paper notes that the environmental consequences of aquaculture projects are mainly related to the method of cultivation: the use of the cage method is less risky in terms of negative effects on ecosystems compared with closed-loop water supply installations. However, both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. The article considers the possibilities of developing aquaculture projects in the conditions of the North and the Arctic using the example of the Arkhangelsk region, which are associated with the presence of a large number of aquatic ecosystems and a wide range of potential cultivation facilities.; the existing scientific, technical and educational potential; the formed consumer market and consumer preferences. A study of the consumption of fish and fish products by residents of the northern and Arctic territories has shown that trout is the most in-demand type of commercial aquaculture in the northern region, and there is a seasonal demand for shrimp. The production of exotic fish species in the current economic conditions is impractical due to the high costs, low purchasing power of consumers and the prevailing traditional consumer preferences due to the socio-cultural characteristics of the population. The results of the study can be useful to the scientific community, public authorities, local governments, as well as enterprises and entrepreneurs involved in the fields of aquaculture and fisheries in the northern and Arctic regions of the country.
The article focuses on the role of price indicators in ensuring the transparency and efficiency of commodity markets, with a particular emphasis on the Russian agricultural sector, specifically the wheat market. It highlights the necessity of objective and regularly updated price benchmarks for market participants, especially in the context of foreign trade and volatile price dynamics. The study analyzes the current situation with wheat pricing, noting its limited suitability as a standardized exchange commodity and the low trading volumes on existing exchanges. The research reveals differences between exchange indicators and Rosstat data, attributed to different calculation methodologies, with Rosstat's information being recognized as more reliable due to its broader coverage of commodity groups and extensive sampling. The article addresses the issue of opaque prices for agricultural products caused by external sanctions, which the Russian government is attempting to resolve by establishing a system of national price indicators. It points out that at the initial stage of developing such system, market specificities crucial for the accurate formation of price indicators are overlooked by regulators. Based on the identified peculiarities of pricing and contracting in the wheat market, a set of recommendations has been formulated, including: 1) expanding sources of price information by moving beyond exclusive reliance on commodity exchanges and aggregating data from alternative electronic trading platforms; 2) transferring the aggregation of information and formation of indicators to an authorized state authority, such as Rosstat or a relevant Federal State Information System (FGIS); and 3) developing exchange trading solely on a voluntary basis, eliminating administrative coercion to bring goods to the exchange.
An analysis of established quotas on seed imports from unfriendly countries, as one of the measures aimed at stimulating domestic breeding and seed production, is conducted, broken down by seed types subject to import quotas and by entities participating in foreign trade activities. A separate analysis is provided of the dynamics of agricultural seed import and export volumes in Russia. The objective of the study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the state of the domestic seed industry and assess the changing level of dependence of Russian agricultural producers on seed imports. The study utilized quantitative, statistical, and comparative methods, as well as analogy, synthesis, data generalization, and expert assessment. The relevance of the study is due to the persistent high level of import dependence of the domestic agricultural sector for seeds of certain agricultural crops, despite positive trends in import substitution in the seed industry. The study's results showed that the average level of self-sufficiency in domestically bred seeds in Russia reached 67.6%, an increase of 7.3% compared to 2022. The best indicators for self-sufficiency in domestically bred seeds are observed for spring grains and legumes, with positive trends for sunflower, soybean, corn, and spring rapeseed. At the same time, the domestic agricultural sector remains highly dependent on imports for potato, sugar beet, and greenhouse vegetable seeds. The scientific innovation lies in the integrated approach to analyzing and assessing the development of the domestic seed industry.
The aim of the study is to econometrically model the dependence of the agricultural sector's gross regional product (GRP) on a number of factors related to labor potential. The data base consisted of official data from Rosstat and Rostovstat for the period from 2010 to 2024. The methodological basis was a multivariate linear regression, where the dependent variable was GRP for the "Agriculture" activity type, and the explanatory variables were the number of employees, the share of workers with higher education, the share of youth in rural areas, the volume of investment in fixed assets, and the area under cultivation. The modeling results revealed statistically significant and multidirectional influences across these factors. It was found that the greatest positive impact on the dynamics of the agro-industrial complex is exerted by improved workforce qualifications: a one-point increase in the share of workers with higher education leads to a 52 million ruble increase in GRP. A positive, but less pronounced, effect was recorded for employment and investment volumes. The most significant finding is the negative impact of the youth population, which is interpreted as a consequence of selective migration and a structural mismatch between the competencies of young workers and the needs of the high-tech agro-industrial complex. The scientific novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive consideration of quantitative and qualitative labor characteristics and the development of an integrated approach to assessing HR risks. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that the obtained results substantiate the need to reorient regional agricultural policy from compensating for the demographic deficit to stimulating the educational and innovative potential of human resources.