The work purpose is to consider an export of oil-bearing crops and separate types of vegetable oil from economic positions. Due to the growth in the production of vegetable oils, in recent years it has become possible to increase their exports. As a result, in 2016 only the share of sunflower, rapeseed and soybean oil was 11.5‰ in Russian exports of agricultural products and food. In 2016, the foreign exchange earnings from export of sunflower and rapeseed oil could be higher if export prices did not decrease compared to 2010. The decrease in foreign exchange earnings was also affected by the decrease in recent years of acreage under rapeseed. The foreign currency proceeds from the export of vegetable oils from Russia can be significantly increased by reducing the sale of oilseed seeds. At the same time, additional workplaces can be created in Russia, and, most importantly, the most valuable by-product (meal) will remain to ensure livestock production in the country. For this, modernization of the material and technical base of the processing industry and restoration of the domestic seed-growing of oil-bearing crops is necessary.
Research objective is the analysis of placement of grain production and definition of a possibility of improvement of the developed structure of production and processing grain. Optimization of placement of a grain production promotes: to improvement of structure of production and processing grain for increase in annual revenues (income) from grain realization, to finding of the mechanism of compensation of deficiencies of grain in the areas having the enterprises for grain processing, search of optimum routes of transportation of surplus of grain from areas there is a lot of grain to areas with their shortcoming. In article two step model of optimization of revenue of production of grain are given in the region of Russia on statistical data of the Tambov region. On the first step of modeling restrictions for a problem of linear programming of maximizing revenue of production of grain are formed. Restrictions are formed by means of results of the solution of a transport task of a covering of deficiencies of grain in one areas by surpluses of grain of other areas. Assessment of the maximum income by production grain in the Tambov region in as a result of redistribution of land has been calculated by the LPSOLVE program. Achievement of optimum result means redistribution of land for production grain in areas of the Tambov region. The calculated income is higher actual for 22.3‰. The submitted two-step scheme of optimization of income from production of grain can be applied also to other species of crops.
The relevance of researches is caused by the fact that rise in agriculture is announced by the most important direction of economic policy of the state and the acts defining development of agriculture for the next years are adopted. Stable development of rural territories, increase in employment, income and the standard of living of country people are main goals of these documents. In article the content, level of income of rural households, their transformation in market economy, social stratification in comparison with city households are analyzed. Changes in level and sources of formation of income of country people during reforms have caused emergence of the types of income peculiar to market economy, their traditional structure has changed. Social differentiation of the population on the level of income has increased and their real content has decreased. Assessment of a condition of profitability of agricultural work has shown that its low level doesn't stimulate growth of labour productivity in agriculture. Owing to reduction of the agricultural enterprises there was restructuring of rural employment, a considerable part of citizens has appeared among so-called self-employed on production of agricultural production in personal subsidiary and family country farms of various level of marketability. The changes in the structure of income generation and their functions, due to the reduction in the share of wages in the sources of the aggregate income of the rural family and the increase in the role of income from the farmstead, make it possible to conclude that the labour motivation of rural workers today is determined not only by the amount of wages, but also the level of aggregate income, the stimulating function of which increases. At the same time, the growth of incomes and living standards of the rural population, as the main and even the main indicator of agrarian and general economic reform, does not correspond to the declared goals. Moreover, during reforms the level of profitability of agricultural work has sharply decreased in comparison with the prereform period and level of income of urban population.
The relevance of the study of rural entrepreneurship is explained by the fact that under the influence of the processes of globalization and integration of the economy of modern Russia new challenges are emerging for rural entrepreneurs, for a successful response to which a review of the applied business models is necessary. The development of rural entrepreneurship includes mainly financial instruments, while practically unused non-financial instruments have much greater potential and efficiency. The purpose is to study the characteristics of rural entrepreneurship through the prism of personal characteristics of a rural entrepreneur, as well as to identify prospects and develop practical recommendations for the development of rural entrepreneurship in modern Russia. The methodological apparatus is based on a systematic approach to scientific research and includes a method of problematic, structural and functional analysis, as well as a method of modeling socio-economic systems. As a result of the study, the authors reasoned that the personal characteristics of the rural entrepreneur play a central role in the success of rural entrepreneurship. The authors proposed a conceptual model of rural entrepreneurship, reflecting the importance of integrating the rural entrepreneur into the sales markets of the local social environment, into the physical and economic environment of the rural area. The authors also proposed a map of the competences of a modern rural entrepreneur and developed practical recommendations for their development among modern Russian rural entrepreneurs.
In the article, some questions of legal regulation of social security of rural households of the population are considered, the unsettledness of which hinders the development of this sector of agrarian relations. An absence of separate legal norms, their imperfection or discrepancy between various legislative and legal acts, leave opportunities for their arbitrary interpretation. Despite the historical duration of research into the economic nature of the household plots of the population, the legal status of the owner of the private household and its members as subjects of labour law remains to be determined. The current legislation does not define the employment status of this category of citizens, the type, and form of employment, the legal status of the employee and/or employer. Defining this activity as independent employment (self-employment), many researchers do not consider the cause-effect relations of these relations and their social and economic consequences. As the latter, the issues of social guarantees for this category of citizens - work experience, pension (including the type of pension on state pension provision, the conditions of its appointment, etc.), medical and social insurance remain the most problematic. The basic provisions for the development of the pension system for rural households of the population should be based on the following fundamental positions of legislative consolidation: the legal status of the owner of the personal subsidiary farming of the population and its members as subjects of the labour law; conditions of state pension provision for this category of citizens; sources and sizes of insurance pensions.
Tractors and various attachments are the most popular producers of agricultural equipment, which is used almost in all works of the farms. In this regard, the load on them is very significant, which leads to frequent breakdowns. All this causes a downtime of agricultural equipment, productivity and production volumes. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the mechanism service maintenance of agricultural machinery, which will prevent crop loss. The research objective consists in development of practical recommendations of improvement of the mechanism of service of agricultural machinery in the region. The analysis of the current state of agricultural machinery in the Novosibirsk region is carried out. The service mechanism when with acquisition of the tractor the company signs the contract of service with the client is offered. Within the contract warranty repair, departure of crew to the place of breakage or the replacing tractor from the park of the technique of the campaign TRADE-IN is provided to the client. Duties of the service engineer at service of the equipment are considered.
The article considers new approaches to strategic planning and development of strategy of socio-economic development of the region based on the principles and tools of strategy development. Through the analysis of the results of agricultural production and the rating of contribution of the region (market share) justifies the importance of the agro-industrial complex (AIC) of the Voronezh region in the development of the region, the Central Federal District and the Russian Federation. Significant growth in agricultural production, outstripping national average, and significant potential has allowed to determine the main objectives of the strategies, identify strategic goal of socio-economic development of agribusiness in the region, to plan tasks and ways to implement them. The achievement of the expected results associated with the implementation of the target scenario of agricultural development and food security in the region. Such a scenario suggests strengthening the competitive position and increasing the balance of Pro-space development of regional agriculture based on the most efficient and environmentally sound use of natural resources, creation of high-tech sectors of the regional economy, ensuring comfortable living conditions and livelihoods of the rural population. The most important element of strategy development integrated development is the choice of effective forms, methods and tools of strategic management authorities local society. Revealed activities of bodies of state power of the Voronezh region in sphere of increase of competitiveness of agriculture. An important step of strategy development is project management. The perspective projects of development of agrarian and industrial complex of the region are submitted: development of dairy, pig-breeding and beet sugar clusters; project of export of production of agrarian and industrial complex.
Integration processes in the agrarian sector of the economy, particularly growing in the late XX early XXI century as a result of scientific-technical progress and globalization, have raised the problem of the choice of ways, techniques and methods of innovative development of economic entities. The integration of born system of management of integrated structures and management system of business entities themselves, focusing on the need for innovative development. As the most promising form of organization of agricultural production, the authors have proposed to consider the agro cluster. With a sustainable world and Russian trends of intelligent ("smart" economy), automation and robotization of agricultural production, and based on the identified problems in organization and management the structure of most businesses (on materials of the Perm region), with the aim of ensuring effective information interaction of different sectoral structures of agricultural business proves the feasibility of integration and consolidation of agricultural production activities and management. With this proposed system of principles of formation of innovation-oriented structures of management in agribusiness and the corresponding model of the innovation-oriented organizations the management of business entities of agrarian cluster.
Trends are identified and assessed for the development of agricultural production by regions of Siberian Federal district. It is proved that in Russia there is a possibility to increase the volume of agricultural production to meet the needs of the local population in the main types of food according to the recommended rational norms, as well as the formation of the export potential for a number of products. Developed forecast of production of agricultural products in the whole of the Siberian Federal district up to 2035, it is presented in two versions - mobilization and innovative. It is proved that for solving strategic challenges facing agriculture the district required implementation of the innovation scenario, which will require significantly greater investment in the industry. The rate of growth of investment in fixed capital of agriculture shall be not less than 8-10‰. By calculations from regions of the SFD by 2035 grain, potatoes, meat, milk and eggs in number of respectively 6.2 million tons, 450 thousand tons, 163.5 thousand tons, 449 thousand tons and 1192 million pcs will be taken out. The proposals for improving territorial-sectoral division of labour, the formation of a rational intra-industry structural proportions in agriculture of subjects of the Russian Federation in SFO. The basic directions of scientific-technological progress in crop and livestock production, the implementation of which will contribute to improving the competitiveness of products.