The article deals with topical issues of assessing the impact of global climate change on agriculture. The dynamic model of climate change impact on the economy of agriculture of the Russian Federation presented in the article simulates three related processes: climate change itself, technological development of agriculture and improvement of human capital. Of particular interest is the use of this model for the design of the regulator that solves the problem of adaptive control by the criterion of minimizing the negative effects of climate change on agriculture. The model can be applied to designing of the regulator solving a problem of adaptive management of criterion of minimization of negative manifestations of climatic dynamics on agriculture. The research allowed proving that concrete weather realization of the general climatic trends can have significant effect on "price" of climatic adaptation.
Agriculture of the North Caucasus is one of the best in the structure of the regional economies. It concentrated enormous material, technical, technological, land, labour, etc. resources. Taking up only about 1‰ of the country's territory and having approximately 5.4‰ of agricultural land (sixth among macro regions of Russia), district agriculture produces about 8.2 per cent of the gross agricultural production (fifth country place among the federal districts). In some segments (production of wheat, vegetables, apples, as well as the cultivation of sheep and goats) District occupies a leading position in the country. At the same time, it should be noted that the limited land resources, the lack of inclusion of new land resources and, thus, for the expansion of agricultural land, requires changing the model of agriculture economy. Since the beginning of 2000-ies in all constituent entities of the North Caucasus started work on the design and implementation of a new investment and innovation model of agricultural development. With feature-Caucasus agriculture is that every entity elects its design in this model, based on regional characteristics (technological and institutional, historical, mental, etc.) The most important elements of an emerging development model of regional agricultural protrude main funds and everything associated with this Institute. Currently, at the expense of fixed assets achieved the growth of agricultural production is produced by the emergence of new sectors and sub-sectors in the regional agriculture. At the same time, practice shows that the influence of the core for the formation of agricultural development trajectory remains low and unsustainable because, firstly, the low level of fixed assets, and secondly, the low level of their annual updates Thirdly, weak proportions between fixed assets, etc. factors in the development of agriculture, fourthly, infringement of the periodicity of the flow of funds for renovation and modernization of fixed assets and a number of others problems. These problems require clarification of the theoretical provisions and identify empirical trends. These tasks were devoted to this study.
Modernization of the technical and information aspect of the enterprises has to form the basis of modern reforms in the field of rural economy. Article is devoted to the review of IT technologies which open new opportunities of use of the available resources in branches of agriculture. Fundamentals of IT technologies are various computer programs, applications or software. All methods and plans of production of these or those products in the form of mathematical models and methods of information processing are presented to them. It is shown that the technological base and introduction of new information developments agricultural productions develops intensively.
Digitalization of economy and the social sphere act as strategic priorities of development of rural territories of Russia. Digital inequality and significant interregional differences in use by the population of digital services remain. A research objective is the quantitative analysis of the factors promoting and interfering increase in a share of the country people using the Internet for receiving the public and municipal digital services in the field of health care and medicine. Methods of the cluster analysis are applied; assessment of regression models for different classes of regions is executed. Results of statistical observation concerning use by the population of information technologies and information telecommunication networks of Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) were information base of a research. For research objectives selection which included 68 regions of Russia, basic data previously normalizeв is created. Assessment of regression models is executed with use of a package of statistical data processing of STATISTICA 10. The carried-out analysis revealed significant interregional differences. Results demonstrate that increase in Internet access in rural areas promotes growth of a share of the country people receiving the public and municipal services in an electronic form in regions of the first group. Increase in number of room phones of public network at 1000 people contains growth of users of digital services in rural areas.
One of the scientific and practical problems of the economy of animal husbandry is to conduct a comparative economic assessment of breeds of farm animals, including cattle, dairy cows. The need for such an assessment arises as at the stage of selection, when analyzing the performance of breeding work; and at the stage of making economic decisions, when enterprises choose the best breed of livestock, to ensure maximum efficiency of investment projects. At present, there is no generally accepted methodology and a single economic criterion for a comparative assessment of the economic efficiency of various breeds of agricultural animals. In the presented study, a set of initial indicators was formed, which form the basis of the criterial model. The indicators are grouped into four blocks depending on the content and sources of production: biological, economic, market and estimated. Biological - determine the characteristics of rocks, are formed according to scientific research, breeding descriptions, special observations. Economic indicators characterize the production result of the use of farm animals according to actual data in the studied region. Market indicators represent the prevailing market prices for milk, meat, heifers; are included in the assessment of the same for all breeds at the level of the average for the studied region. Estimates include the cost of heifers, the salvage value of the cow, the cost of the produced milk and calves, comparable costs per head per year. The main calculated indicator is a generalized economic criterion - comparable yield. Based on the materials and conditions of the Kostroma region, a comparative assessment of the Holstein, Kostroma, black-and-white, and Yaroslavl rocks was carried out. As a result, the estimates of the breed are ranked by decrease in economic efficiency as follows: Kostroma, black-and-white, Yaroslavl, Holstein. The study confirmed the efficiency of the technique, the possibility of its use for comparative economic evaluation of other cattle breeds in different regions. The prospect for further research is the development of methodological approaches to the assessment of breeds of other species of farm animals.
The existing tendencies to decrease in profitability of grain production, unevenness of distribution of income between producers and intermediaries, strengthening of dependence of landowners on grain traders, a gap between the import and export prices of grain crops cause need of search of ways of increase in competitiveness of products in the internal and external markets. The authors analysed parameters of competitiveness of the Russian grain, problems of realization of competitive advantages in the world market are revealed. The comparative analysis of parameters of competitiveness of grain crops of Russia and other leading grain powers (the USA, Canada, the EU) is carried out. On the level of costs of production of grain crops under favourable weather conditions Russia has considerable competitive advantages in the world market. The minimum costs of application of fertilizers, low level of investments of restoration of fertility of soils, the underestimated amount of the rent for the earth, etc. are the main reasons for low prime cost of grain. For improving competitiveness of grain in the internal and external markets system development of all parameters of competitiveness of grain crops is offered: balancing of multidirectional economic interests of producers, support of competitive potential of the Russian grain market; realization of certain competitive advantages of the Russian grain in the world market.
The key problems of sustainable development of rural areas of the Central black earth region in the process of interaction of labour, business and government are considered. Only with the improvement of normative-legal, personnel, information and software is possible scientifically-based approach to sustainable development of rural areas, the place of support of the living space, where human potential with land, labour, material and technical, financial resources becomes the instrument of action, the prestigious authority of local authorities and business. The article analyzes the best practices associated with the complex development of rural areas, the system of measures that determine the activities of business structures and local governments to improve the efficiency of the agricultural economy, level and quality of life of the rural population in the perspective of the state social partnership, civil initiative. The presented results of the study can be used in the practical activity of the bodies of management of agriculture, business services at the exit of rural territorial entities to a new operating level of development of the economy and social sphere according to the Doctrine of food security of Russia.
The subject of our research is the mechanisms of development and functioning of local rural communities. We examine stable development of the rural region as a process of interaction between several elements: economy, population and resources, including human capital assets. We use the structural-functional approach as a methodological basis that allows for complex examination of the rural region development. Our main hypothesis which defines the research objective is a thesis that the most important mechanisms providing stable development of local rural communities can be represented as three key groups: productive-economic, socio-cultural and institutional. Intensive development of mixed economy against the decay in traditional forms of organization of agriculture leads to the diversification of socio-economic activity and changes in the rural way of life. These processes provide for the creation of effective instruments of innovative changes in local rural communities, maintenance of their socially oriented development and their transmission from the stability paradigm to the paradigm of rapid development. The proposed system of mechanisms and indicators can be applied to the process of rural regions development analysis.
Despite the fact that many problems of further development of agriculture and rural areas are systemic in nature, there is no a long-term strategy for agricultural and rural development. Research results show that in recent years significant results have been achieved in the production of certain types of products, increasing the country's food security, increasing exports of grain, oilseeds, poultry and pig meat, and a number of other goods. However, growth in agriculture was accompanied by serious structural imbalances: in the development of sub-sectors, various categories of farms, differentiation in terms of the level and efficiency of production both in the country regions and individual agricultural producers, and the social situation in the countryside intensified. There remains a set of problems related to the availability of food for low-income groups, the need to increase the profitability of the main part of medium-sized small agricultural producers, the development of domestic technological and resource base, the improvement of living conditions in rural areas and several others. The proposals for improving agricultural policy are based on the need to balance the interests of consumers and producers of agricultural products and foodstuffs, as well as to ensure consistency between the tasks facing the agro-industrial complex to achieve food security of the country, increasing the export potential of domestic agricultural products, sustainable rural development and state programs. measures, as well as allocated for the development financial resources.
The aim of the study is the development of tools for evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural consumer cooperatives’ activities. It is revealed that to assess the effectiveness of agricultural consumer cooperative a specially developed system of criteria reflecting different aspects of the efficiency of consumer cooperatives is required. To this end, the authors suggested methodical approach to evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural consumer cooperatives, based on the calculation of individual, group and integrated indexes according to four clusters: financial condition, business activity, social unit and operating profitability. The developed approach allows carrying out multidimensional rating and analysis, which allows to evaluate the degree of achievement of the economic interests of all members of agricultural consumer cooperatives and to achieve the effect of integrity or the effect of emergence. Assessment of agricultural cooperation in the Ulyanovsk region according to accounting (financial) reports of cooperatives for 2016 was executed