On the basis of generalization and study of statistical data and evaluation of significant criteria characterizing the level of innovation in the grain production industry, forecast scenarios of innovative and technological development of grain production in the Novosibirsk region were developed. The main ones are: the purchase of elite and original seeds, the share of foreign-selected seeds, sowing with non-grade seeds, the use of mineral fertilizers, the share of fungicides from the sown area, the share of farms working on intensive technologies, the growth rate of the number of equipment, the level of digitalization of equipment, the shortage of specialists from the real need for production, the growth of average wheat yield, the share of food grain. The method of pre-forecast studies was used, with the help of which a logical sequence of events is established in order to show how, based on the existing situation; the future state of the object of research can develop. The scenario forecasting innovative and technological development specifies alternative events and the likely timing of their occurrence. The reasons for choosing the scenario approach were the increased uncertainty, instability, unpredictability of political, social and economic events. Methodically, the research is based on the main prerequisites for the innovative and technological development of grain production and the grain market from the scenario forecast of the development of the grain market in Russia. The basic one, realistic, assumes extensive development, a low rate of yield growth while simultaneously increasing the acreage. Optimistic, due to innovative development and expanded domestic consumption, it provides a high rate of yield growth while simultaneously increasing the acreage. Pessimistic, due to stagnation, the acreage is practically not growing; the yield growth rate is low.
Ongoing acreage reduction, annual non-receipt of a significant agricultural products amounts and the constant outflow of the able-bodied rural population in the non-Chernozem regions they have become a serious problem at the state level today, requiring your permission. While at the level of agricultural organizations the process of reducing the acreage continues, at the level of peasant farms, the opposite trend is taking place, which, however, does not compensate for the above-mentioned losses. Since the behavior of each agricultural commodity producer it is of a conscious nature, which is based on the rationality of actions, special relevance acquires the definition of root causes. In this regard, it becomes particularly significant identifying having the same motivational impact for representatives of both these categories of producers towards the expansion and active use of acreage factors. These factors include increment of the total crop yield, increase in the intensity of the use of acreage, changes in the shares of state and municipal property in the total area of land used, gross income increments per unit of cost and gross income increments the unit of cost increment. This study purpose is to identify the impact of aggregate yield growth to expand the acreage for the above categories of producers. For these purposes, it is proposed to use the correlation analysis method.
The article describes the author's approach to the strategy for the integrated development of agricultural technologies. Initially, based on the classification of aspects of agricultural technology, strategic types of agriculture were presented. Due to the importance of the latter, it was recommended to develop all of them, regardless of whether or not they have the status of potential revolutionary technologies that could lead to a change in the technological paradigm of the industry. Further, for a deeper understanding, the strategic types of agriculture were analyzed using the strategic foresight tool—causal layered analysis. This analysis revealed the contradictoriness of the strategic types of agriculture relative to each other. To examine these contradictions, the methodology of the theory of inventive problem solving was used: the ideal final result in relation to agricultural activity was formulated and its contradictoriness was shown. As a result, the author's vision of the strategy concerned was presented as the one based on the following two stages. The first stage consists in the development of each of the strategic types of agriculture separately. The second stage involves determining an acceptable way of resolving the contradictions inherent in the ideal final result, and implementing that solution in practice. In view of the difficulty of carrying out the last stage (no one has yet found the optimal way of farming), this study indicates the presence of a grand scientific and social challenge. As an example of ways to resolve contradictions, the article—via the theory of inventive problem-solving methodology—offers some options for resolving physical contradictions between ensuring food security and the need to preserve the environment. The presented understanding of the integrated development of agricultural technologies is integral, long-term, and going beyond the dichotomy of developed and developing countries, in contrast, for example, to catch-up development. This approach can be used as an alternative when developing strategies for the development of Russia’s agriculture.
The current socio-economic situation in the world determines the need for accelerated development of agricultural production in Russia. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to actively use new technologies that ensure the smooth and high-quality operation of the machine and tractor fleet. The article analyzes the current state of the agricultural machinery fleet in Russia, as well as in the context of federal districts, based on data from the Federal State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. In the agricultural organizations of the Russian Federation for the analyzed period, against the background of negative dynamics of quantitative changes in the machine and tractor fleet, there is a decrease in energy capacity to the level of 89.7 million hp as of 2019, which is 62.63‰ less than in 2000. The standard load per tractor is 135 ha in 2000, and 345 ha in 2019, which is 4.7 times higher than the standard. Thus, domestic agricultural enterprises are characterized by: Against the background of low stock-to-weight ratio, there is a decrease in the number of purchased units of tractors and combine harvesters. It is noted that the number of purchased agricultural machinery does not provide sufficient rates of its renewal. At the same time, in most agricultural organizations, the service life of the predominant part of the equipment exceeds 10 years. Based on the data of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation on the availability, demand and forecast for the purchase of basic types of agricultural machinery in the federal districts, the calculation of the shortage of equipment formed as of 2019 and the projected coverage of the deficit in the period up to 2025 was made. Districts with a projected volume of equipment purchases below the existing deficit were identified, while there are districts with a projected volume of equipment purchases exceeding the necessary need to cover the deficit.
The purpose of the study is to identify the main factors contributing to the development of rural areas in the region, to develop proposals for the stabilization of the economy of rural areas. It is established that in recent years, in the context of a decline in state support for agriculture in the harsh conditions of the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation, agricultural activity is developing in the southern regions of the region, around the St. Petersburg agglomeration and the cities of the regional centers of the region. In other territories, especially in the Arctic zone of the region, there is a compression of economic space, a reduction in agricultural production, a reduction in jobs, and an increase in the migration outflow of the working-age population to cities. In the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation, on average, the growth rate of agricultural production and average monthly wages in agriculture is more than two times lower than in the whole of the Russian Federation. Agribusiness in the northern regions of the region carries an additional burden on the payment of northern and territorial allowances to the wages of employees, which significantly reduces their competitiveness of products. The oversupply of labor in the rural labor market contributes, among other factors, to the low rate of wage growth. Agricultural holdings-leaders in the industry, as well as large agricultural organizations that have achieved comparable labor productivity in agriculture at the level of developed countries, pay low wages to employees, it is significantly lower than the average wage in the region's economy. At the same time, most agricultural holdings continue to invest in increasing the scale of production by optimizing the funds allocated to the wage fund of employees, thereby infringing on their interests. The main sources of rural development at this stage in the region are the investments attracted to the agriculture sector, the level of state support for agribusiness, and the budget revenues of rural settlements. There is a trend of decreasing budget revenues in rural settlements in the average for the Northwestern Federal District of the Russian Federation in the dynamics from 2013 to 2017. It is almost analogous to the decline in the indicators of investment in agriculture and the volume of state support for the industry. The scientific novelty lies in the identification of trends in institutional changes and problems of uneven spatial development of rural areas. Proposals have been developed to stabilize the economic activity of rural areas in the region.
At present, in the Volga region, the ratio of fertility, mortality and migration processes determines a steady decline in the population. This trend is especially pronounced in rural areas due to the fact that the socio-economic, engineering, household and cultural conditions of their development lag significantly behind cities of regional importance and from large industrial agglomerations. Insufficient knowledge of the impact of socio-economic factors on the demographic development of rural areas, as well as the high scientific and practical significance of the development and implementation of models of socio-demographic development in the countryside served as the basis for the research. The correlation-regression model of the intensity of the migration flow of the working-age population of rural areas was developed as part of three objects (the first - areas with a high migration outflow; the second - areas with an average migration outflow; the third - areas with a low migration outflow) using independent variables, systematized on the basis of the experience of foreign and domestic studies (factors-regulators and factors-conditions) and for each of them, differentiated management solutions are proposed for the practical implementation of the model at the regional level. It was found that for all the regions under study, the greatest response of the dependent variable to the independent ones was found in terms of the growth of disposable income and the level of formal employment. As predicted calculations show, by 2025 the migration outflow will decrease by 14-91 people, depending on the analytical gradation. Also, according to the simulation results, it was found that for a more radical solution to the problem and achieving a positive mechanical increase in the economically active population in rural areas, a more extensive list of management decisions is needed, especially in areas with a high and average outflow of the able-bodied population, it is necessary to reduce the tax burden of producers and processors of agricultural products through the introduction of property tax incentives in order to increase the volume of the regional product, as well as to strengthen support for all types of businesses and self-employed citizens.
The multifunctionality of activities inherent in modern farms increases their importance both for the effective functioning of the agricultural sector of the economy and for the sustainable development of rural areas. However, at present, farmers have encountered serious difficulties in their activities, which are being overcome in a certain way in some of the most developed countries of the world. This article presents the main results of research on the functioning of farms in the United States. The article presents materials on such scientific problems as (1) the peculiarities of the development of farming in the United States of America, taking into account the threats and risks arising from modern environmental fluctuations (political, macroeconomic, climatic, biological), (2) the practices of state support for farmers, providing them with a prosperous existence and opportunities to participate in solving pressing issues of the life of the rural population. The main research idea is that farms are unique artifacts that can perform not only economic, but also social and environmental tasks in the rural space, and therefore state support for farming is aimed at the stable development of agricultural production and the sustainable evolution of rural areas. The main difficulties in the development of farming in the United States are noted: 1) the presence of many types of risks accompanying the activities of farms; 2) relatively low profitability of agricultural production, especially small farms, which make up the absolute majority (90‰) in the American agricultural economy, 3) unfavourable demographic age characteristics of farmers, which mean "aging" of farm managers, 4) unforeseen difficulties faced by farmers in the conditions of the coronacrisis. The specifics of state support for American farmers are its orientation to various groups of farms, the use of various tools to achieve socially significant goals, and the shift in emphasis in the goal-setting of state policy from purely economic to social and environmental. The scientific value of the obtained results lies in the possibility of using the heuristic potential of existing theoretical developments in solving the current problems of farming development (including in Russia) and identifying new research areas that require development. The practical significance is due to the possibility of using the positive experience of state support for American farmers in domestic economic practice.
One of the most important sectors of the economy is agriculture. Agriculture also has its own characteristics. Currently, it is necessary to determine the economic efficiency of agricultural production in the transition to market relations due to changes in economic relations and production conditions. In a market economy, practice shows that in order to achieve a progressive production solution, countless problems arise for the cost-effective development of sugar beet production. Now the sugar beet industry in Kazakhstan has undergone major changes. The analysis of the development of the countries in modern agricultural relations shows that the further development of the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan should be focused on improving competitiveness by creating equal conditions for innovation through the effectiveness of state support and the creation of cooperative associations consolidated around the sugar factory. To increase the sustainability of work at sugar beet enterprises, implement and effectively plan and manage the achievements of innovation and scientific and technological progress, correct pricing, protect the sugar market from foreign states, develop new mechanisms, and much more.
The conducted research allows to consistently approach the issue of improving the social and material situation of rural settlement families by creating new jobs and a scientifically based wage system, taking into account the increase in the investment attractiveness of municipalities and improving the district regulatory framework in the sphere of accounting policy of the enterprise in order to legalize the main and additional wages. When addressing socio-economic issues in support of rural development, the State should be guided by the provisions of the International Labour Organization, in particular when setting the minimum wage at the level of the poverty level. The proposed method of calculating the adapted tariff grid based on ranking according to three options, depending on the income of a rural settlement, serves as the basis for calculating prices for products in crop production and animal husbandry when determining the main part of labour remuneration. The amount of wages for the products of plant-growing workers (for example, a tractor driver) is set after receiving the products by multiplying the number of units of production by its price. In animal husbandry (on the example of pig farming), the calculation of workers ' wages is based on the determination of prices for one hundredweight of weight gain for groups of animals. The rating assessment of efficiency and determination of material remuneration based on the labour contribution of plant and livestock workers on the example of the districts of the Saratov region is established on the basis of calculating the percentage of performance indicators of the efficiency criterion (profit received per employee, the ratio of labour productivity growth rates and wage growth rates, productivity (animal husbandry), productivity (crop production), wage intensity) will increase the efficiency of personnel by 3.75‰ and by 50.5‰.‰; the efficiency of wages – by 2.43‰ and 2.44‰ in animal husbandry and crop production, respectively.
Currently, the development of rural areas is one of the priorities of the modern policy of the Government of the Russian Federation. In 2003-2013, the federal target program "Social development of rural areas" was implemented, in 2014-2017 – the departmental program "Sustainable development of rural areas for the years and for the period up to 2020" [2]. On June 4, 2019, a new state program "Integrated development of rural areas for 2020-2025" was approved. In accordance with this and other federal programs, programs for the development of rural areas are also being developed at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the Republic of Bashkortostan, the state program "Integrated Development of Rural Territories of the Republic of Bashkortostan" (as amended on December 8, 2020) was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan No. 728 of December 12, 2019. Two programs have also been developed for the development of depressed rural south-and north-eastern regions of the republic. However, the effectiveness of these programs due to both objective and subjective reasons leaves much to be desired. This is one of the reasons for their prolongation initially until 2020, and now-until 2024. The authors recommend that for a more detailed and realistic analysis of the socio-economic situation in rural areas and to improve the effectiveness of program measures, the system of regional and municipal monitoring of rural areas should be improved by using, along with the data of state censuses, statistics, enterprise reports, the results of regularly recommended sociological studies and surveys of managers, employees of agricultural enterprises, farmers, and the rural population. As a result of the study, the authors substantiate the feasibility of creating a Center for Agricultural Research and Monitoring of Sustainable Rural Development in the Republic of Bashkortostan for purposeful work on the development and adjustment of regional and municipal programs for the socio-economic development of modern rural areas.