Agriculture is developed on the basis of system-reproduction methodology, the essence of which is expressed by economic categories: economic system-the object of research, management; reproduction-the goal of the economic system; intensification-the means to achieve the goal; efficiency-the price of achieving the goal. Agriculture consists of functional (technological, social, environmental) and organizational-economic (economic, organizational-management) subsystems. The article deals with the essence of modeling the reproduction process, the content of the system of models for functional subsystems of agriculture. A system of models of process intensification is presented reproduction of agriculture and specific analytical models of the state and development of agricultural enterprises.
The article presents an analysis of foreign publications, based on which the most common causes, patterns and connections of agricultural crises with other crisis manifestations in the economy, social and political spheres are identified. The results of the study are presented in the form of the periodization of economic crises with the inclusion of the most characteristic factors described in the literature review. The following crisis periods are highlighted: the crisis of 1992-1994 (due to the beginning of market reforms), the default of 1998, the crisis of 2008-2009 (as a result of the global financial crisis), the crisis of 2014-2015 (due to the introduction of sanctions and insufficient implementation of measures to eliminate the causes of the previous economic downturn), the crisis of 2017-2018 (as a result of tougher economic sanctions and falling energy prices), the crisis of 2020 (caused by lockdown and the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic). The volatility of the Russian agriculture indicators is calculated and explained. It is established that in General, the dynamics over 30 years shows a reduction in agricultural production. The highest rates of decline were recorded in 1991 (-50‰) and in 1992 (-60.2‰). As of 2019, the volume of agricultural production amounted to 28.6‰ of the base level of 1990. It is noted that the political and economic transformations that took place in the early 1990s led to a significant decline in the industry, and the country cannot eliminate their consequences to this day.
In modern conditions, providing the regions of Siberia with grain and grain products, increasing interregional and interstate grain resources largely depends on the efficiency of the grain market and its individual segments. Grain relations reflect the current state and determine the prospective division of labour in the grain product sub-complex of Siberia, the complementarity and interdependence of regional food complexes. They represent economic relations for the production, sale and exchange of grain and grain products between agricultural producers and consumers (livestock, population, etc.). These relationships are manifested in the flow of grain and grain products from one region to another. The purpose of the study is to determine the most significant prospects for the development of the grain market in Siberia. The article indicates the main grain-producing regions of Siberia and the grain resources that the region can supply through interregional and interstate product exchange. The current state of grain relations (ex-port of grain products) in the Siberian Federal district and on the example of the Novosibirsk region (interregional grain relations) is presented. The export volume of grain and grain products from the regions of Siberia for 2015-2019 is as well as the main countries-importers of grain and grain products. The reasons for the increase in grain production in areas where there are no necessary conditions for obtaining high-quality food grain, which led to a lack of demand for grain products in areas of its favourable production. For the growth of interregional grain flows in the regions of Siberia, proposals are presented, as well as the main tasks and directions for further development of grain relations.
It is shown that in the post-Soviet period a difficult demographic situation, manifested in a decrease in natural population growth, developed not only in rural areas, but also in cities. This, in particular, is evidenced by the high Pearson correlation coefficient (0.55) between the growth (decline) rates of the population by region. The shares of the urban and rural population, which need a radical improvement in their well-being in order for at least its simple reproduction (even taking into account migration) to be carried out, are approximately equal in our country and amount to about 60‰. This fact leads to an important methodological conclusion: for economic science and for the country's leadership, when developing economic programs, it would be a mistake to consider only the dynamics of the population of rural areas or, conversely, only the dynamics of the urban population separately and separately to solve for them the problems of increasing the population and sustainable development. About 20‰ of the consolidated budget, taking into account the structure of today's government spending, could be directed to improving the welfare of the population of rural areas and the development of the rural economy. A bottom-up approach to the development of a comprehensive state program aimed at a sustainable increase in the rate of natural population growth by improving the well-being of the urban and rural population is proposed in three areas - demographic, economic, social and socio-infrastructural. The construction is carried out "from the bottom up", that is, the required activities and the amount of funding are determined for the district level in the course of interaction of district administrations with ministries responsible for social and other infrastructure and the Ministry of Economic Development and the Ministry of Agriculture, separately for urban and rural populations, with taking into account the priorities determined by the objectives of the program. The required amounts of financing for each district are determined on the basis of development standards for each of the social sectors.
The article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of the process of budgeting costs within an agricultural enterprise. In modern conditions of development, many enterprises are faced with a lack of efficiency of the management process, which is due to the lack of experience of the management of economic entities in the field of independent planning system building. Achieving the development goals of economic entities (both individual companies and integrated economic institutions) necessitates the use of budgeting procedures that ensure the rational use of their capabilities, justification of the level and timing of resources required to achieve development goals. The budgeting process allows you to coordinate the activities of all budget centres, increase the efficiency of management, reduce the risks associated with upcoming financial and economic activities, effectively manage all types of resources at all levels of management, ensuring the achievement of development targets. The purpose of the study is to provide an economic justification for the need to use cost budgeting in agriculture, since this industry is most affected by numerous external factors. The activities of agricultural enterprises are aimed at fulfilling numerous goals in the field of not only economic, but also social development. The implementation of these goals depends not only on the use of complex economic instruments, but also on the sequence of their application. Thus, one of the most important tasks of modern agricultural enterprises is the formation of a system of intra-company management, taking into account the use of consistent management tools that would reduce the level of uncertainty in the field of managerial decision-making. Also, building a system that takes into account these aspects will reduce the level of management risks.
The article describes the stages of formation and development of agrarian economic research in the context of the organization and reform of the (former All-Union) All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics. In October 1921, the first scientific institution in Russian history was created for agricultural economic research - the Research Institute of Agricultural Economy and Policy (NIIESH) on the basis of the Higher Seminary of Agricultural Economy and Policy, organized by A.V. Chayanov in 1919 at the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy. On May 9, 1930, NIIESH was reorganized into the Scientific Institute of Large Economy and Rural Economy, transformed in the same year into the Collective Farm Research Institute (NIKI). The wave of political repression that unfolded in the pre-war years did not leave aside the employees of the Collective Farm Research Institute. In February 1938, his activities were suspended. The Institute resumed work only in 1955 by decree of the Government of the USSR. By order of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture of June 8, 1955, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Economics was created with five zonal branches and 50 strongholds in collective farms and MTS. The revival of agrarian economic science began in the second half of the 1950s, when the economic categories "profitability," "profit," "cost price," etc. returned to scientific research. In the article, the activity of VNIIESH for the 90-year period is conditionally divided into 6 main stages with a corresponding characteristic. Particular attention is paid to the results of scientific research of VNIIESH and the effectiveness of their implementation. Clear tasks and activities of the currently functioning FSBSI FRC AESDRA VNIIESH have been set.
The article analyzes the economic, social and environmental aspects of agricultural development in the post-Soviet period. It is noted that the economic growth in the agricultural sector, observed since the turn of 1990-2000, did not lead to adequate development of rural areas and is accompanied by environmental problems. Based on the analysis of the reasons for the current situation, the main directions of agricultural policy adjustment are proposed: improvement of strategic planning documents for the agricultural, priority development of small and medium-sized businesses, diversification of the rural economy, and additional measures for sustainable development of rural areas.
The study analysed the use of the fundamental elements of the export mechanism used and identified problems in its implementation. The organizational mechanism reflects the interrelationship between export opportunities and elements of its support measures. The imperfection of the structure of exports of agricultural products and food is shown. In the export structure, animal products account for 1.2‰ of total exports; products of plant origin - 2.6‰; fats and oils - 0.7‰; food, drinks, tobacco - 1.2‰. Most exporting organizations sell cereals; flour and cereal products; meat and meat products. At the same time, the largest exporters in certain groups of goods are located in Moscow, St. Petersburg. Mostly these are those organizations that are created to support the export of agricultural producers - certification centres; foreign economic relations agencies, small business support centres, business development agencies, not agricultural producers. In order to improve the institutional framework for the development of export infrastructure, measures were proposed to create conditions for access to foreign markets, regulate export activities, regulate customs, remove technical and administrative barriers, and facilitate the conclusion of beneficial agreements.
The role of the spatial organization of the industry for its development is shown and problems are identified that hinder the processes associated with rational location, deepening specialization and increasing concentration of agricultural production. The main ones are: persisting significant interregional differentiation of the level of socio-economic development; weak legislative and scientific support for the spatial development of agriculture, the lack of an active organizing and coordinating role of the state; the presence of long-term systemic problems and the emergence of new disproportion in the development of agriculture. Therefore, the solution to the problem of spatial development of agriculture is associated with an integrated approach to the implementation of such fundamental principles as: achieving food security of the country; ensuring the most complete and effective use of bioclimatic and production potentials, the maximum approximation of the production of this or that type of agricultural products to the areas and regions that have, first of all, the most favourable natural conditions; priority of national interests over regional economic interests; a differentiated approach to the main directions and measures of state support for the spatial development of agriculture and rural areas; comprehensive solution of issues of territorial organization of agriculture. Significant regional differences in agriculture and its individual sub-industry exclude a unified approach to their spatial organization. At the same time, special attention should be paid to such regions, as follows: not numerous regions with relatively favourable natural and economic conditions for conducting intensive and competitive agriculture; priority and border geostrategic territories; separate depressed and sparsely populated areas; numerous regions of the Far North and equivalent areas; with labour surplus and densely populated national republics of the North Caucasus. Since in perspective the differentiation of regions in the production of certain types of agricultural products will increase to a greater extent than the tendency to self-sufficiency, the state should play a key role here.
This article considers methodological issues and directions of personnel potential development in agrarian entities of the municipal level, related to substantiation of the management object, assessment of its condition, trends and system of functioning of individual elements, as well as selection of methods and tools for personnel management development. An assessment of the current state and functioning of the personnel management system at the state and economic level and promising directions in the field of digital economy implementation at the municipal level is given. Ways and means of implementing personnel potential management in subjects of agricultural business are outlined, which will contribute to strengthening the economy of the agricultural sub-sector and the development of rural areas.