The problem of dependence of changes in the volume of production on the use of different quantities of resources in economics is solved by apposition the law of diminishing marginal product. Its essence is that in a short period, when the value of production capacity is fixed, the marginal productivity of the variable factor will decrease, starting with a certain level of costs of this variable factor. This classical interpretation in modern conditions has a number of disputable provisions connected, first of all, with technological features of separate branches of economy. The aim of the research was to study the peculiarities of the manifestation of the law of diminishing returns in relation to a certain production, and in particular to dairy cattle breeding. The studies analyzed costs per 1 cow and milk yield per 1 cow from 1999 to 2018, by the farms of the Yaroslavl district, Yaroslavl region, built graphs of the dependence of these indicators. It was found that the effect of the law of diminishing returns is manifested both in individual farms and in a group of enterprises. In addition to confirming or refuting the hypothesis, the study of this issue gives an understanding of the choice of the optimal level of milk yield per 1 cow. Factors of optimization of level of productivity of cows among which the technological aspects promoting decrease in labour intensity and Prime cost of production have the greatest influence are considered. Specific examples show the relationship between productivity, costs and efficiency of dairy farming.
Sustainable development of provinces is an intrinsic part of Russian Federation's interior policy. One of the ways of management is a change to administrative boundaries of municipal entities to boost the efficiency both by lowering administrative barriers and more efficient use of budgetary means. The balanced development of any province is impossible without effective means of management aimed on the diversification of the province's economy. While conducting the administrative reforms it is necessary to form the development scenarios of the provinces with predominantly agrarian population to avoid the distancing of the authorities from the population. Sustainable development is inextricably connected to the support of the agrarians and hence the economic and food security of the country. Effective management allows to actively affect the current situation and development trends of agrarian provinces, track and correct uncontrollable phenomena and trends, make predictions and plans of this provinces' development that eventually improve the population's quality of life.
High strategical significance of domestic agrarian industry should be faced with the deep ang complex state policy and regulation to dramatically improve life quality. For this reason, the social effects of different kind should be scalarized. The distribution model proposed in the paper is based on backpack task and considered risks and system social effects. The model can be solved by means of classical discrete programming methods, evolution methods. The top of solutions can be researched with the help of Monte-Carlo method. Good (suboptimal) solution of the model can be reached by means of evolution calculation. The ways of further development are elaboration of evaluation approaches for different kind public effects and stress-testing.
According to the World Health Organization, the main causes of premature death and disability are chronic non-communicable diseases - cardiovascular, oncological, chronic bronchopulars and diabetes mellitus. Losses associated with reduced productivity and lack of workers range from 12‰ to 28‰ and depend on the number of risk factors. The costs of health care, absence, or non-effective presence due to illness cost US employers $200 billion annually - more than $1500 per worker. The cost to employers, both private individuals and public companies of temporary disability and compensation for injuries and new occupational diseases in the UK agro-industrial sector in 2017-2018 was £286 thousand. The article provides an overview of modern health management technologies aimed at preventing socially significant diseases in labour collectives, reducing temporary incapacity to work, improving the image of the employer and increasing the investment attractiveness of companies. The presented results of efficiency of the best foreign and Russian corporate programs of health promotion show the need to include these programs in the activities of companies.
the transformation processes in the territorial-sectoral and organizational-economic structure of agriculture of the Central Black Earth macro region are considered. The state and dynamics of the location and specialization of crop and livestock industries in the territorial reserve of the macro region and various categories of farms are analyzed; trends in structural shifts are identified and their assessment is given. It is concluded that during the post-reform period there is a change in the stages of development of agriculture and its agrarian structure. The main directions of transformation of agricultural production and its structure are complication of organizational and economic structure, change of trends of production of products, its ratios between categories of farms, territories, change of location and specialization, strengthening of processes of concentration and polarization of rural areas. Relying on bringing the agrarian structure of regions to rational parameters only through market self-regulation is unacceptable. Market mechanisms must be correctly combined with the mechanisms of state regulation of structural changes in agricultural production.
Agriculture is one of the priority sectors of the economy that is actively supported by the state. Therefore, the search for effective models for the development of agro-industrial production is undoubtedly important. In recent years, both positive and negative changes have taken place in the sphere of agricultural production due to the influence of various economic factors. This makes it necessary to study these factors and features of agricultural production at the level of economic entities. The solution of existing problems will allow to create conditions for improvement and increase of efficiency of activity of economic structures in the near future. Priority areas of agricultural policy are: creating conditions for the diversification of the rural economy; improving the material and technical base of producers through investment, development of seed production, selection and protection of plants and animals from pests; development and implementation of new mechanisms that stimulate cooperation in the agro-industrial complex; stimulating the growth of production of agricultural raw materials (grain, vegetables, cattle meat, pig meat and poultry); expanding the diversification of the activities of existing producers; improving the form of agricultural production management; increasing the level of remuneration of employees and reducing labor inequality; creating conditions for social development of the village. The research focuses on the analysis of financial results of agricultural organizations, farms and individual entrepreneurs in agriculture in the production of raw materials, its primary and deep processing. In addition, the efficiency of economic structures in the livestock and crop production sectors is analyzed.
Today, the accelerated development of high-tech industries in regional sectoral structures should be considered as the foundation for building up the innovative potential of the regions and the country as a whole. The defining features and peculiarities of the development of high-tech industries in the regions are the changes in industrial-industry specialization that emerged as a result of market transformations, as well as the interaction of science and enterprises in modernization, technical re-equipment and reconstruction of the technical and technological potential of enterprises. This article reveals the significance of the development of high-tech industries in the regional sectoral structures in the face of growing global challenges for the Russian economy. It is the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are becoming leaders in the development of high-tech industries and centres of innovation activity. Methodological tools for managing the development of high-tech industries in the regional sectoral structures from the systematic and complex application proposed. They depend on not only the effectiveness of management, but the neutralization of global challenges and the sustainability of the Russian economy.
The article discusses the problem of increasing investment in agriculture in Russia. Investment activity in the industry was evaluated by a system of indicators in dynamics in the period 2014-2018. The following main trends were identified: there was a slight increase in the physical volume of investments in fixed assets (103.3‰), the share of investments in fixed assets in agriculture in the total investment increased from 3.8‰ to 4.4‰; there is a tendency towards an increase in the share of producers' own funds and a decrease in the share of borrowed funds in fixed capital investments, which is a consequence of difficulties in attracting borrowed capital. Currently, special attention is paid to the problem of increasing the efficiency of capital investments, in connection with which the following indicators were studied: return on assets, return on assets, coefficients of renewal and retirement of fixed assets. The article notes that at present one of the main constraining factors for the development of agriculture is the low level of accumulation in industry. To ensure growth at a rate exceeding the global one, it is necessary to increase the share of fixed capital accumulation up to 28-30‰. To achieve these indicators, it is necessary to create conditions for investment growth, including the formation of a favourable investment climate, improving monetary policy, increasing the financial stability of producers, ensuring the demand of the population, and building up export potential. The conditions for opening and running a business directly affect the flow of investment and economic growth; therefore, it is necessary, first of all, to improve the institutional environment for the development of investment activity.
The article considers the problem of the withdrawal of cropland from agricultural use in Russian Federation. The authors attempted, using the tools of statistical analysis, to make a forecast of changes in cultivated areas for the period up to 2025, as part of the strategic planning process for the development of agricultural land use in the Russian Federation for the medium term. The model for the forecast was selected by cross-validation taking into account the time factor, and a combination of three best models was chosen as the resulting model: random walk, theta model and exponential smoothing model. According to the forecast, by 2025 it is possible to expect an increase in crop area in the amount of 0.6 million hectares or 0.13‰ per year. The largest reduction in area is expected in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Kemerovo and Chelyabinsk regions. The largest increase is in the Bryansk and Amur regions.
The article contained a brief overview of the application of the programme-oriented approach to rural development in the pre-and post-electoral period, Including an analysis of the Federal Rural Social Development Programme for 1991-1995, Programs of revival of the Russian village and development of agro-industrial complex for 1991-1995, Federal targeted programs of rural social development for 2003-2013 and sustainable development of rural areas for 2014-2017 and for the period up to 2020. Showing that in many directions the social boundaries with which the village approached the reforms of the 1990s have not yet been restored. At the same time, agricultural production is growing faster than the Russian economy as a whole, imports and exports of food and agricultural raw materials are decreasing, which indicates an imbalance between the main national function of rural areas, which is to ensure food security and independence of the country, and their internal function aimed at life support, preservation and development of their own population. Further conservation of this imbalance poses a threat to the realization of the national goal of creating in the agro-industrial complex a high-productivity export-oriented sector, developed on the basis of modern technologies and provided with highly qualified personnel. The content of the State Program of the Russian Federation "Comprehensive Development of Rural Areas," developed in accordance with the Decree of the President of Russia, to solve systemic problems of the Russian village, and its resource provision, was evaluated. Proposals to improve the programme-oriented approach to rural development are presented.