As the experience of the powerful development of China and Russia has shown, a modern land policy and an effective land management system are urgently needed. In accordance with our Constitution, land and other natural resources are used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis of the life and activities of the peoples living in the respective territories. The Land Code of the Russian Federation has established the priority of protecting land as an essential component of the environment and means of production in agriculture and forestry before using land as immovable property. These fundamental laws should be the basis of a new land policy and a modern system of state land management.
The article presents the author's method of clustering the subjects of the Russian Federation according to the level of food security, based on the analysis of groups of goods that do not meet the threshold value established by the Food Security Doctrine. The authors have identified and characterized four types of regions: the donor region with export-oriented production, the donor region with an orientation to domestic demand, the recipient region with advanced import substitution, the recipient region with an orientation to domestic demand. A cartographic method based on color marking was used to visualize the data. The results of the study showed that the recipient regions with advanced import substitution are closely adjacent to the donor regions with export-oriented production, which provide the recipient regions with products that do not have their own production. The largest share of recipients is observed in the category of vegetables and fruits. Donor regions with export potential are characterized by the largest share of their own production, a high share of exports and the absence of imports. Donor regions with import potential do not sell products for export and do not attract imports due to self-sufficiency. Recipient regions with export potential produce part of the products themselves, and the lack is compensated by attracting imports in a larger volume from the required, with the aim of further export to recipient regions. The main federal districts in which there is a negative food balance are the Central, North-Western, Ural, Siberian Federal Districts. Within the framework of this study, the proposed approach to the analysis of food security for basic foodstuffs allows us to visualize real and hypothetical changes in indicators in three main areas: production, distribution and consumption, as well as to identify producing regions in the country – donor regions and consuming regions of increased attention - recipient regions.
Digitalization has become an integral part of society's life; it flows into all spheres of the national economy. Digitalization in Russia began its active development in 2017 from the moment of approval of the program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation". In terms of economic and innovative results of the use of digital technologies, the Russian Federation is currently ranked 38th, far behind the leading countries such as Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, Israel, Singapore, the Netherlands, the United States of America, Norway, Luxembourg and Germany. The development of the digital culture of society is caused by the need for Russia's full-fledged entry into the process of economic globalization. In this regard, the digital development of the agro-industrial complex, as a key outgrowth of the national economy, is a priority. The article analyzes the level of digitalization in the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The range of problems and prospects for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the region in the conditions of digitalization is outlined. The authors propose a set of measures aimed at improving digital platforms implemented in agriculture. In this regard, the authors of the article summed up the effectiveness of digitalization of production at the level of individual enterprises, municipal districts and the republic as a whole.
Food independence of the country, minimizing the consequences associated with sanctions, export-import restrictions, problems in logistics, the policy of developing rural areas, creating a comfortable environment for the life of the rural population, ensuring the technological sovereignty of the agricultural sector of the economy within the framework of the departmental project "Digital Agriculture" determined the most significant areas for improving the efficiency of agricultural producers: the use of digital solutions in the industry, the creation of a system of continuous training of specialists of agricultural enterprises in order to form their competencies in the field of the digital economy. The transition of the agricultural sector to a digital development model is largely determined by the readiness to implement digital solutions. Human capital is a strategic resource for the digitalization of the agricultural sector. The implementation of digital solutions in the field of labor in the agricultural sector motivates domestic agricultural producers to introduce digital technologies into the production process, and specialists employed in the industry to develop digital competencies. In the formation of digital competencies, it is obvious that the basis for the transformation of human capital is the process of mastering professional knowledge, skills and abilities through the implementation of systemic measures of continuous training. The article discusses the areas of digitalization, digital solutions for the agricultural sector, highlights the barriers to the use of digital technologies in the industry, suggests options for digital competencies for training agricultural specialists on the digital platform "Bank of Digital Competences of the Agricultural Sector". The implementation of digital solutions in the field of labor in the agricultural sector of the economy and the formation of digital competencies of specialists employed in the industry increase the competitive advantages of the implemented human resources.
The article reflects the results of the conducted research in the context of the theory of management of sustainable development of agro-industrial enterprises in relation to the global challenges of Agriculture 4.0 and the digital transformation of the economy of the agricultural sector. The characteristic factors of sustainable development are highlighted: the degree of use of material resources in the production process; innovative activity of agro-industrial enterprises; compliance of investment and personnel policy with the requirements of the Strategy of scientific and technological development; the state of financial management. Identification of characteristic factors provides an opportunity to explore sustainable development in the interrelation of factors of the internal and external environment. The author's methodological sequence of assessing sustainable development at the level of the main links of the agro-industrial complex is proposed. The specific features of the proposed sequence include the definition of its main components: systematization and calculation of private indicators reflecting the influence of factors on sustainable development; reduction of private integral indicators to a single integral indicator; assessment of the economic consequences of the assessment. The indicators showing the level of sustainable development of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex in relation to each element are determined and reasoned. This makes it possible to carry out a detailed analysis of changes and fluctuations in the possibilities of achieving sustainable development of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, in a timely and efficient manner to level problem areas in the process of implementing an algorithmic sequence of analytical evaluation.
The theoretical significance of the study is the development of institutional, neo-institutional, behavioral economic theories, theories of public administration, agency relations, bureaucracy based on fundamental research on the institutional regulation of the agricultural land market. The purpose of the work is to clarify and specify the system of state, economic and institutional interests of the subjects of the agricultural land market. It has been established that interests in the sphere of regulation of ownership, use, disposal of land resources inevitably come into conflict with relations in the agricultural land market, which are characterized by the process of self-regulation. The interests of the state, owners, and tenants of agricultural land intersect in the course of ensuring food security, investment and innovation activities, scientific and technological progress, and the development of an information and communication system. The efficiency of the functioning of the land market depends on the quality of the relationship between state, economic and institutional interests. Institutional mechanisms for coordinating and realizing the interests of land market entities include incentive and coercive measures to prevent or smooth out opportunistic behavior of entities, reduce excessively high transaction costs, and implement programs to increase the area of productive arable land through additional involvement in the circulation of agricultural land. The general institutional interest involves strengthening the food security of the Russian Federation by increasing the contribution to the gross domestic product by increasing the volume of crop production of the economic entity while maintaining and reproducing the fertility of agricultural land. This requires changes in institutional rules regarding unused agricultural land, adjustment of the main parameters of financial support for achieving the goals of the strategy for the development of the agro-industrial complex.
The assessment of the economic component of agricultural land use involves the determination of indicators of the effectiveness of investing in cultivated crops, taking into account the established sown area and yield in the Russian Federation for 2010-2022. The identified investment attractiveness of agricultural land use is likely to be used by institutional actors of the mechanism, structured according to the levels of state, local and on-farm management in order to increase the commercial potential of agriculture. The identified circumstances affecting agricultural land use (actual sown area, crop yield, discount rate) are fundamental in making a decision on the prospective cultivation of crops. The institutional environment as an ordered set of formal and informal rules, institutions that define the substantive framework of economic behavior and form the basis for the production, exchange and distribution of resources mediates agricultural land use through the formation of an organizational and economic mechanism limited by the cost and availability of basic resources. The study made it possible to identify crops that are not only economically viable for promising cultivation (sunflower for grain, winter and spring wheat, leguminous crops), but also provide an increase in the profits of agricultural land users according to the initial data of 2022. The possibility of using the calculated analytical indicators of the investment efficiency of crop cultivation for the long-term planning of crop rotations on agricultural land plots has been established.
The state program of support for hemp farming in the form of federal subsidies, as well as an increase in demand for food products from technical hemp, the expansion of the fields of application of hemp and bonfires led to an increase in interest in the cultivation of this crop, which is expressed in a stable annual increase in acreage, which increased almost 16 times in 2010-2022. In order to receive state support in the form of federal subsidies, a processing enterprise must fulfill a number of conditions, one of which is the absence of tax arrears. Currently, in Russia, more than 95% of primary processing enterprises produce hemp of the same type from hemp stalks, the composition of lines for this can be diverse, therefore, and the main domestic lines for the primary processing of technical hemp have been analyzed. A comparative analysis of the economic efficiency of two domestic hemp primary processing lines was carried out when receiving a federal subsidy to compensate for part of the costs of agrotechnical work on the cultivation of bast crops and with a subsidy to compensate for part of the capital costs for the purchase, delivery and installation of technological equipment, vehicles, other fixed assets and without them. The subsidy for carrying out agrotechnical work on the cultivation of technical cannabis increases the profitability of production to a greater extent and reduces the payback period. Both technological lines are efficient and will pay off in almost the same time.
Agriculture is a major sector of the Russian economy that is in great need of risk management and insurance is a means of its implementation. However, modern agricultural insurance products are not effective enough and need to be improved. The author of the article puts forward the assumption that the one of the reasons can be found in the insufficient agricultural training of insurance specialists graduating from higher education organizations. The basic principle of the study was the dependence of the degree of development of the insurance school on the activities of these educational organizations in relation to the general state of the insurance industry, as well as the correlation of the predicted possibility of developing effective insurance products by the specialists of insurance companies and their educational level. In the course of the study, six higher education organizations that form the Russian insurance school were expertly identified by the author; analyzed their educational programs in the field of insurance for the presence in them of elements of training in agricultural insurance skills. The study showed that in these educational organizations, the agrarian direction in teaching insurance is practically not represented. As suggestions based on the results of the study, it is proposed to revise the programs of the above educational organizations in the direction of increasing the share of training in the basics of agricultural insurance, as well as the introduction of insurance cases in the programs of educational organizations of higher education with an agricultural orientation. The results obtained in the course of the study, and the proposals corresponding to them, are of scientific and practical importance for the development of two sectors of the Russian economy at the same time - agrarian and insurance.
The article considers the author's methodology for assessing the sustainability of the development of the crop industry. The main indicator for the assessment was the yield of agricultural crops as an independent variable correlating with indicators for all types of sustainability. The derived regression equations for selected crops in the Russian Federation show an increase in yield over the analyzed period for all crops except flax-dolgunets. In some regions, there is also a decrease in crop yields. The coefficient of stability of changes is the lowest in the yield of rye and sugar beet. Coefficients characterizing relative oscillability, stability of levels of a number of dynamics, trend stability, stability of changes were calculated. The proposed method will make it possible to calculate the point forecast of crop production production taking into account fluctuations, to determine confidence intervals for calculating the risks of deviations from the trend and safety stock to overcome this risk. To assess the sustainability of the crop industry as a whole, it is possible to use the Hurwitz criterion.