The main element of the system of state regulation of the grain market for the past two decades in Russia has been grain interventions aimed at reducing the volatility of grain producer prices. With the growth of grain production, the volume of its exports also gradually increased. World market prices began to have a decisive influence on domestic prices. There was a need for additional measures of state regulation, damping the prices of grain producers, its consumers, exporters, revenues and expenditures of the state budget, depending on the volatility of world market prices. To this end, from 2021 the system of state regulation is supplemented by floating export duties. In 2022 at the same time, purchasing interventions and floating export duties were used. The first measure stimulated the increase in prices of grain producers at the expense of budgetary funds, the second - their reduction. Using these two mechanisms, the state simultaneously stimulates and slows down the growth of grain production, the increase and decrease in exports. The established regulatory standards (minimum and maximum intervention prices, floating export duty rates) contradict each other. The article discusses the mechanisms for the formation of a consistent damper for grain price fluctuations and assesses its impact on the dynamics of grain production, the proportions of its domestic consumption and exports, the ratio of exports of grain raw materials, grain processing products and livestock products grown on concentrated feed.
The purpose of the work is to assess the possibilities of creating and developing an export-oriented cluster of the grain product sub complex in the region. To achieve it, from the standpoint of a systematic approach, general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction and etc.) were used. The sources of regional competitive advantages are identified according to the "competitive rhombus" model, this allows organizing the production structure of the region’s grain product sub complex, which will provide competitive opportunities for using the industry’s products to meet the needs of other industries and regions. According to the calculated trends of the localization of the grain-producing industry in the Saratov region, the dominant industry specialization of the region and a higher concentration of the grain-producing industry in the region compared to the national level were identified, and the characteristic opportunities for the formation of an export-oriented cluster of the grain product sub complex were identified. Two approaches to the development of the organizational and economic mechanism of the grain product sub complex cluster are considered: as a process of influencing an object and a tool for interaction between subjects. It has been established that the constituent elements of the organizational and economic mechanism of an export-oriented cluster are subjects, methods, tools, processes that are in a relationship, forming a system and ensuring the implementation of its functions; "sub-mechanisms" (factors of the external and internal environment, economic relations, tools for achieving the goal) and "mechanisms in the mechanism" (structuring, functional, adaptation and sustainability) are singled out. An algorithm for creating an export-oriented cluster of a grain product sub complex in the region by an integrator is proposed, through which it is possible to organize and manage the activities of the cluster, its effective functioning in the agro-industrial complex.
The formation of a holistic strategically oriented innovation and investment process determines the futility of investing in outdated technologies in favour of intensifying Russia's innovative transition to a new technological order. The purpose of this study is to study the methods and mechanisms of creating innovation and investment potential for reviving the innovative activity of enterprises in the agricultural sector of the economy, provided the necessary economic compliance of investments with innovations. Separate elements and components of this economic process are identified and disclosed, which made it possible to justify the effectiveness and identify reserves for increasing the activity of investment and innovation activities of agricultural enterprises. In the course of the research, statistical, monographic, computational and constructive, analysis, synthesis, expert assessments, economic and mathematical and other general scientific methods were used. The analysis made it possible to develop a generalized scheme of elements of the innovation and investment process of agricultural business development and to determine the indicators of its attractiveness. It is concluded that the modern investment potential should ensure the advanced development of agricultural science and technology in comparison with the world level, while the main source of development of investment and innovation activities of agricultural business should be an increase in the share of public investment, which implies the activation of their use in innovative projects.
In the article, based on the analysis of the functioning of the viticulture sub complex of the Russian Federation and the Stavropol Territory, complex criterial indicators of the effectiveness of its development are determined. Criteria conditions and limitations of these indicators are formulated, which make it possible to determine the algorithms for its development, which ensure the effectiveness of regional programs for the development of cooperation in viticulture and the search for a relationship between indicators of the development of agricultural consumer cooperation and indicators of the quality of life of the rural population. Based on these principles, simulation models are presented that characterize the deepening of technological production processes in the viticulture sub complex, and their relationship and effectiveness are analyzed. The methodological-instrumental and socio-economic prerequisites for the results of scenario forecasting of the processes of sustainable development of the grape-wine-making market of the agro-industrial complex of Russia are substantiated. Economic calculations confirm the possibility of increasing through the redistribution (iterations) of production processes, changing the economy of both a particular enterprise and the self-sufficiency of the industry as a whole, by building business chains based on cooperation, diversifying industrial assets of deep processing, involving finance and use of state support measures.
The growth of production and consumption of organic agricultural products has become an obvious global trend. Despite the relatively small volumes and the share of such products, the development of so-called "organics" is widely discussed. The scale of production is expanding. Therefore, it is important to determine the prospects for the development of this segment of the in Russia. Economically developed countries occupy a leading place in the production of these products. The USA, EU, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, as well as China play a decisive role in the global organic market. As for Russia, there is a great potential for organic agricultural products. This potential is currently practically not being realized. This situation is associated with many factors. Among the factors it is necessary to highlight the level of income of the population, and the country's opportunities for the development of the agriculture. The level of consumption of organic products is influenced by the degree of development of organic agricultural production itself. An additional factor that will have a lasting impact is the current geopolitical situation, or the new reality. It will significantly limit the sales of Russian organic products. However, the potential for the production and consumption of organic products in Russia is high. It is important to increase the income of the population and expand the use of land for these products. In the new reality, the export of organic products may be aimed at China and other friendly countries.
Since 2018, there has been a stable annual growth in the acreage of oilseed flax, which has led in Russia to an increase in the stem mass in the form of trusts, the primary processing of which allows to obtain an additional 417.9 thousand tons of flax fiber. Due to its inferior quality in comparison with short flax fiber, this fiber is not included in the sphere of interests of textile enterprises, but it is becoming increasingly popular in the construction industry because of its environmental friendliness. One of the options for using the same type of fiber from oilseed flax is to obtain a volumetric insulation from it. Therefore, there is a need to determine under what conditions of processing of the specified flax, the economic efficiency of the production of the same type of fiber and bulk insulation from it will be achieved. The domestic line of technological equipment produced by FGBNU FNC LC for the primary processing of oilseed flax trusts into the same type of fiber, as well as the TexInzh line for the production of volumetric insulation from it, is considered and analyzed. Calculation and analysis of technical and economic indicators of primary and deep processing of oilseed flax trusts from the Stavropol Territory and the Tyumen region were carried out. Recommendations are given to processing enterprises on acreage and operating modes. Primary processing of oilseed flax from an area of 2700 to 4000 hectares is cost-effective and may have optimal payback periods depending on the yield of the same type of fiber. Obtaining insulation from oilseed flax significantly increases the profitability of production and reduces the payback period by an average of 2 times, making them optimal.
Technical provision is critical for food security and effective development of the Russian agrifood sector. The reproduction processes of the material and technical base of agricultural organizations are strongly affected by agricultural machinery market features. In turn, the functioning of this market is influenced by many factors. This article deals with future developments of marketing relations. The article concerns the development problems of current and future marketing relations in the agricultural machinery market. Trends in the main types of agricultural machinery production and technical provision of agricultural organizations being compared with leading producers in the world agrifood market are investigated. It is noted that the agricultural machinery market size in the United States is almost 18 times higher than the Russian one, while the area of arable land is only 23 percent larger. A high dependency on agricultural machinery import in general and especially in some crop production sub-sectors, where it reaches 100 percent, has been revealed. An economic assessment of technical base reproduction in the domestic agriculture has been carried out. Share of depreciation, replacements and repairs in production costs of various agricultural products has been estimated in particular. Current state support of technical modernization in agriculture and essential future developments in this area are considered. The main reserves for improving marketing relations in the agricultural machinery market are identified.
In the period 2000-2010 high-frequency fluctuations in food price volatility have been noted around the world. Since the end of 2021, a protracted period of abnormally high volatility has begun. The purpose of the article is to systematize international measures to counter excessive food price volatility in 2007-2008 and 2021-2022. The study is based on the data of the food price index and the indicator of food price anomalies, calculated according to the FAO methodology, both for the whole world and for individual countries. Despite the differences in the reasons causing the growth and volatility of food prices, the set of measures applied remains the same within the framework of trade policy, internal protection of producers, consumers and depends on the level of development of the country. The export ban is quite common. However, it can only be recommended as an emergency short-term measure, since restricting supply only exacerbates price volatility in the world market and ultimately drives up prices in the medium to long term. At the same time, the easing of import barriers in a situation of market instability is quite an adequate measure. Food aid programs for the socially unprotected segments of the population are more preferable than administrative price controls. Producer support is aimed at stabilizing their income, which can significantly decrease during the period of volatility in prices for both resources and agricultural products, instability and rising costs in logistics. This, in turn, can threaten food security. In Russia, almost all possible measures were used (with positive and negative assessments).
The article is devoted to an important problem on the formation of technological sovereignty in the field of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy, which belongs to the priority tasks of the country's selection and economic development. The reasons for the dependence of the domestic agricultural sector on the import of agricultural machinery, technologies, seeds of a number of crops, breeding material, veterinary drugs and other knowledge-intensive products were revealed: the country did not create a single center for coordinating forecasting and expertise of scientific and technical developments in the field of agriculture, insufficient financing of agricultural science, reducing scientific, technical and personnel potential, the effective interaction of research organizations and universities of the agricultural profile was not regulated. It was noted that the lag of the technical and technological level of agricultural production in Russia from developed foreign countries can be overcome only by neo-industrialization of sectoral innovative systems in accordance with the requirement of the provision on vertical integration. It was concluded that the effect of the creation of vertically integrated selection-seed and selection-breeding centers is due to a number of factors and reasons: a reduction in transaction costs, own production of basic (source) selection material is cheaper than its purchase on the side and, in addition, such associations have the opportunity to plan the entire process of breeding a variety (breed) within a certain time frame. The categories "technological sovereignty," "technological import substitution" were considered and the need to create a new typology of an innovation and production system for the creation of high-tech production facilities with close cooperation between the state, science and business was justified. A list of the main mechanisms for ensuring technological sovereignty in the agricultural sector of the country's economy and tools for their implementation in new geopolitical conditions has been proposed.
The concept of spatial polarization can be represented through the concept of spatial unevenness of the state and development of regional and sectoral subsystems of the economy of territories, which gives a qualitative characteristic of the studied objects, while such indicators as the development of the mineral resource complex, mining and processing of minerals, tourist and recreational complex, forestry and agro-industrial complex can be used for evaluation, human capital [20]. The object of the study is the types of spatial polarization of the territory of the regions. The subject of scientific research is the process of assessing the factors determining the typology of spatial polarization of regions.The purpose of this article is to develop the author's methodological approach to the study of factors determining the type of polarization in modern economic conditions. Spatial polarization of a region can be represented as a process that affects the grouping of economic regional territories and their economic relationships with each other, while each territory will be characterized by a certain type of polarization, depending on the factors that have a direct impact on the formation of a particular type of polarization.