In the period 2000-2010 high-frequency fluctuations in food price volatility have been noted around the world. Since the end of 2021, a protracted period of abnormally high volatility has begun. The purpose of the article is to systematize international measures to counter excessive food price volatility in 2007-2008 and 2021-2022. The study is based on the data of the food price index and the indicator of food price anomalies, calculated according to the FAO methodology, both for the whole world and for individual countries. Despite the differences in the reasons causing the growth and volatility of food prices, the set of measures applied remains the same within the framework of trade policy, internal protection of producers, consumers and depends on the level of development of the country. The export ban is quite common. However, it can only be recommended as an emergency short-term measure, since restricting supply only exacerbates price volatility in the world market and ultimately drives up prices in the medium to long term. At the same time, the easing of import barriers in a situation of market instability is quite an adequate measure. Food aid programs for the socially unprotected segments of the population are more preferable than administrative price controls. Producer support is aimed at stabilizing their income, which can significantly decrease during the period of volatility in prices for both resources and agricultural products, instability and rising costs in logistics. This, in turn, can threaten food security. In Russia, almost all possible measures were used (with positive and negative assessments).
The article is devoted to an important problem on the formation of technological sovereignty in the field of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy, which belongs to the priority tasks of the country's selection and economic development. The reasons for the dependence of the domestic agricultural sector on the import of agricultural machinery, technologies, seeds of a number of crops, breeding material, veterinary drugs and other knowledge-intensive products were revealed: the country did not create a single center for coordinating forecasting and expertise of scientific and technical developments in the field of agriculture, insufficient financing of agricultural science, reducing scientific, technical and personnel potential, the effective interaction of research organizations and universities of the agricultural profile was not regulated. It was noted that the lag of the technical and technological level of agricultural production in Russia from developed foreign countries can be overcome only by neo-industrialization of sectoral innovative systems in accordance with the requirement of the provision on vertical integration. It was concluded that the effect of the creation of vertically integrated selection-seed and selection-breeding centers is due to a number of factors and reasons: a reduction in transaction costs, own production of basic (source) selection material is cheaper than its purchase on the side and, in addition, such associations have the opportunity to plan the entire process of breeding a variety (breed) within a certain time frame. The categories "technological sovereignty," "technological import substitution" were considered and the need to create a new typology of an innovation and production system for the creation of high-tech production facilities with close cooperation between the state, science and business was justified. A list of the main mechanisms for ensuring technological sovereignty in the agricultural sector of the country's economy and tools for their implementation in new geopolitical conditions has been proposed.
The concept of spatial polarization can be represented through the concept of spatial unevenness of the state and development of regional and sectoral subsystems of the economy of territories, which gives a qualitative characteristic of the studied objects, while such indicators as the development of the mineral resource complex, mining and processing of minerals, tourist and recreational complex, forestry and agro-industrial complex can be used for evaluation, human capital [20]. The object of the study is the types of spatial polarization of the territory of the regions. The subject of scientific research is the process of assessing the factors determining the typology of spatial polarization of regions.The purpose of this article is to develop the author's methodological approach to the study of factors determining the type of polarization in modern economic conditions. Spatial polarization of a region can be represented as a process that affects the grouping of economic regional territories and their economic relationships with each other, while each territory will be characterized by a certain type of polarization, depending on the factors that have a direct impact on the formation of a particular type of polarization.
Expanding the economic freedom of business entities requires a significant improvement in the quality of management of their activities. Financial sustainability management is of particular importance in this regard, as the basis for business development in general. Only that business will be stable in a market that can ensure the self-sufficiency of its costs and self-financing of expanded reproduction. Despite the exclusive responsibility of business entities for the result of their activities, the participation of the state management system cannot be excluded in this most important issue. This is especially important when the state provides tenants with its most important resource for use, in this situation - the land on which the socio-economic development of the state as a whole depends, including its food security. This article proposes methodological approaches to the analysis and, accordingly, management of the financial stability of agricultural organizations. The analysis was carried out on the example of the activities of one of the leading agricultural enterprises in the region, operating in the agricultural market for more than 20 years. The area of leased land is more than 9 thousand hectares.
The concept of "interest" from an ontological point of view has a different nature and interpretation in economic and other sciences: philosophy, psychology, political science, sociology, jurisprudence. The conducted general theoretical study in the field of terminology made it possible to single out the following main definitions of the category “interest”: curiosity, entertainingness; benefit, calculation, profit, benefit, benefit; aspirations, motives, needs, requests, needs. Examples of determining state, economic and institutional interests are given, their three-element system is compiled. The purpose of the work is to ensure the synergy of state and economic interests, the formation of norms and rules for the interaction of subjects for the qualitative improvement of the institutions of market turnover of agricultural land. A model of regulation of the institutional mechanism for the implementation of state and economic interests of the subjects of the land market has been developed. The institutional mechanism for the development of institutions for the sale and purchase of agricultural land from the composition of lands that are in state, municipal, private ownership is implemented through monitoring regulatory legal acts, coordinating the interests of market entities, concluding a full contract, adjusting the types and structure of sanctions. It has been determined that in order to improve the institution of long-term and short-term lease of agricultural land, it is necessary to develop ways to reduce the risk of opportunistic behavior of the landlord and tenant when concluding lease agreements. The criteria for the effectiveness of the implementation of economic interests that appear in the process of regulating the institution of mortgage (pledge) of agricultural land are an increase in the share of land plots with a high collateral value, a reduction in the costs of concluding a loan agreement, and the expected utility of the contract if it is complied with by an economic agent. The scope of the proposed conceptual model is scientific institutions, legislative authorities and management bodies of the agro-industrial complex at the federal, regional and municipal levels, agricultural organizations.
Changes in the institutional environment, technologies and generations of technology dictate new rules in the formation of human capital. The totality of knowledge, skills and abilities used for the production of goods becomes a key resource for the sustainable development of rural areas. Developed human capital is a necessary condition for increasing labor productivity in agriculture and, accordingly, improving the well-being and quality of life of the rural population. It is important to separate what is sustainable development – it is the connection of three components: economic well-being, social well-being and ecological balance. If two components can coexist quite harmoniously, ensuring the development of each other (economic well-being and social), then achieving ecological balance remains a component that slows down two factors of sustainable development. It is important to propose such a mechanism where all three components equally contribute to the sustainable development of rural areas without interfering with each other. sustainable development, human capital, rural areas, competencies, economic well-being, ecological balance, social well-being.
Personal subsidiary farms are an independent, equal sector of the agrarian economy, one of the elements of the agro-industrial complex of the country, which is significantly different from other agricultural forms. Firstly, personal subsidiary farms simultaneously act as both a producer and a consumer of these manufactured products; secondly, a minimum amount of space is used for the production of products; thirdly, the consumption of products occurs within the family, therefore the range of manufactured products is very diverse. Personal subsidiary farms, like any economic entity, are inherent in problems that concern not only personal subsidiary farms, but affect the economy of the country as a whole, since the development of personal subsidiary farms has a positive effect on the self-sufficiency of rural residents with agricultural products; on the production of agricultural products for sale; on the participation of households in the process of reproduction of labor; to equalize the standard of living of certain categories of the population and increase the level of employment in rural areas; as well as to improve the lives of the rural population; labor education of young people. Based on the results of agricultural micro-censuses in 2016 and 2021, the article presents the results of a study of the current state of personal subsidiary farms. In particular, the dynamics and structure of the areas of agricultural land occupied by personal subsidiary farms for the cultivation of agricultural crops are shown; the dynamics and structure of the cultivation of livestock and poultry in personal subsidiary farms are analyzed; and the results of a study on the production volumes of personal subsidiary farms are presented. According to the results of the analysis, the prospects for the development of personal subsidiary farms are proposed, the probability of their implementation directly depends on state support at the regional level, the development of cooperation with the participation of households of the population, assistance in the creation of procurement and processing marketing structures.
Ensuring the competitive advantages of the agricultural sector is a decisive factor in the current stage of economic development and is largely determined by the level of use of innovative technologies. The innovative development of the economy determines the efficient use of all types of resources. Modern agricultural production provides for the creation of an institutional environment that generates system solutions that cause synergetic effects in agricultural production. In the context of digitalization, the introduction of artificial intelligence systems and network technologies in the activities of agricultural enterprises, agricultural production is considered as a system of interrelated technological operations. For each operation, a formalized description of the algorithm for its implementation is given, a set of input and output parameters is determined, and software and hardware tools are developed to ensure the functioning of the control object within the framework of an integrated technological system. The innovative environment promotes the introduction of digital technologies in agricultural production, the development of artificial intelligence systems, the infrastructure of the agro-industrial complex and human capital, the implementation of an innovative system of training specialists and professional retraining of personnel. Modern educational platforms provide for the transition to targeted training programs for specialists and professional retraining of personnel, provide training for employees to work in the environment of modern technological complexes, the organization of effective planning of crops, livestock, analysis of economic activity and the choice of promising areas for the development of agricultural business. In the Republic of Tatarstan, effective state support for agricultural enterprises has led to an innovative renewal of the production technological base, digitalization of agricultural production, improvement of the personnel training system, and, ultimately, increasing the efficiency of the agricultural sector of the economy and ensuring the competitive advantages of agricultural formations.
In accordance with the "State Program for the Development of Agriculture and regulation of agricultural products, raw materials and food markets" in the Russian Federation, the task is to increase the volume of crop production in 2030 by 22.1 percent to the level of 2020 due to the growth of resources (doses of fertilizers and investments in fixed assets). The purpose of the work is to study the state and develop proposals to improve the economic efficiency of resource use in crop production in the Urals. The objectives of the study were: analysis of data from reports of agricultural enterprises reflecting the economic efficiency of grain cultivation in the Kurgan, Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions, and field experiments of the Kurgan Research Institute, development of proposals to improve the economic efficiency of the use of resources in crop production. The methods of monographic, mathematical, and statistical analyses were used. It is established that the increase in costs per hectare of sowing spring wheat, mainly due to the share of fertilizers, plant protection products, depreciation and others, in agricultural enterprises leads to a decrease in economic efficiency. This is due to both the increased aridity of the climate in recent years, and the generally poor quality of production management and its narrow specialization in the cultivation of spring grain crops. Intra-industry reserves for increasing the efficiency of resource use in crop production consist in the adaptability of their differentiated application, taking into account landscape and agrochemical parameters of fields and micro particles, improving the quality of crop management based on digital technologies for designing and controlling farming systems, diversifying the structure of acreage due to the partial replacement of grain crops with legumes and oilseeds, the development of animal husbandry and feed production.
The challenge of efficient use and assessment of economic capacity is the most essential for the enterprises of the dairy and food subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex in the current conditions of adaptation to the ongoing changes in the economy. The assessment of the economic potential of enterprises makes it possible to determine the productivity and efficiency of the resources involved, to identify available reserves and weak points in the functioning of enterprises internally and externally. The article analyzes the modern methodological tools for assessing the economic capacity of enterprises of the dairy subcomplex of the agroindustrial complex and reveals the multidimensional approaches to their application. The author explains in details and proposes the decomposition of external and internal economic potential of enterprises into subpotentials in order to determine the degree of conjugation of the internal activities with external ones, both in the resource market and in the market of finished goods. In the light of that, the article proposes an improved methodological toolkit for a gradual assessment of the economic potential of enterprises of the dairy subcomplex of the agroindustrial complex, which allows determining the efficiency of the creation, transformation and realization of the economic potential of enterprises and making decisions on increasing potential in general and subpotentials in particular.