The objectives of the Strategy for the Sustainable Development of Rural Territories of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030 are set out in the relevant principles and objectives of the rural territories in the social, demographic, economic, information, environmental and other spheres. The transition stage (2015-2020) of the Strategy implementation has ended, which involves the assessment of intermediate results both in the country as a whole and in individual regions, taking into account the starting conditions and specific features of the development of each of them. A comprehensive analysis of the results obtained would allow not only to improve the tools for organizational and economic support of target indicators at the regional and municipal levels, but also to make possible adjustments to State rural development programmes and operational plans of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and other departments. Based on the objectives of the Strategy, the article analyzes the state and development of rural areas of the Kaluga region; considered causal relations of qualitative and quantitative changes in demographic, socio-economic and environmental activities of rural settlements of the region; studies of string-and-string shifts in production and consumption of basic agricultural products and their impact on migration processes in rural areas; assessment of the level and degree of sustainable development of rural territories of the Kaluga region; presented and interpreted the results of a sociological survey of rural residents of the Kaluga region for priority measures to improve life in the countryside; the differentiation of municipalities of Kaluga region according to the most important indicators of the socio-economic development of rural settlements was studied and concrete proposals for its reduction were justified.
Demographic aging is the dominant trend characteristic not only of economically developed but also developing countries, having a negative impact on economic growth, the national labour market, and the pension system. The aim of the study is to identify patterns and specific features of the demographic aging of rural areas in Russia, makes rural-urban comparisons, and a statistical assessment of the scale and depth of aging in the Russian countryside. The article also analyses the forecast dynamics of the number and proportion of people over working age in the context of the pension reform. Studies show that demographic aging has affected the territory of Russia to varying degrees, the proportion of people over working age in the structure of the rural population ranges from 16.7‰ in the North Caucasus to 29.6‰ in the Central Federal District. The gender asymmetry in rural areas is higher than in urban areas; the share of rural women ranges from 51.9‰ in the 70-74 ages to 79‰ among 90-94 years old. The depth of aging of the female population, measured by the share of people 80 years and older in the structure of the elderly rural population, is 22.0‰, while that of the male population is 12.2‰. The results of the study made it possible to identify rural-urban differences, interregional differentiation, gender asymmetry and feminization of the process of demographic aging in the countryside in Russia.
The general conditions for the formation of sectoral competitiveness for various industries are considered, including the use of the experience of competition, factors of the competitiveness of the industry and the orientation of manufacturers to the needs of regional consumers. It is shown that the competitiveness of the meat industry in the region is influenced by the nature of the participation of producers in the creation of consumer value, the uneven distribution of costs and profits, the dependence of competitiveness on technologies at each stage of the production of meat products. It is shown that the competitiveness of the meat industry in the region is created at the level of specific producers, since they participate in different ways in creating consumer value, and the ways of using the experience of competitive struggle to develop competitive advantages are also different. It is concluded that for small farms, the preferred way to use the experience of competition in the meat market is cooperation with other participants in the creation of consumer value, and the largest producers have the opportunity to directly use this experience, since they control all stages of creating value for the consumer. Various aspects of the definitions of the competitiveness of the meat industry in the region are considered, which, in conjunction with the substantiation of its essence, made it possible to clarify the definition of this concept.
The article discusses the main provisions of the long-term agricultural policy of Russia, including scientifically based principles of its formation, goals and objectives for the long term, stages of implementation, main priorities and assessment of implementation. The principles considered were the complexity, staging, food availability for all population groups, spatial development, taking into account the natural and economic characteristics of the country's regions, the balance of resources and development goals, equal accessibility of agricultural producers to external and internal markets of agricultural products and food. Particular attention is paid to the internal and external challenges that will have to be overcome on the way to achieving long-term development goals. Three main stages were identified for the implementation of a long-term agricultural policy. The core of the article is the formulation of the main strategic priorities for the development of the agro-industrial complex, including strategic management, forecasting and planning; the relationship between agricultural and macroeconomic policies; scientific and technological progress in the agro-industrial complex; advancing legislative support of agricultural policy; the mission of the Russian peasantry and increasing its role in society; advancing development of the agro-industrial complex of the regions of the non-black earth zone of Russia; efficient land use and ecology; convergence of agricultural policies of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union. The article ends with a scenario forecast for the development of the country's agriculture in comparison with international estimates.
The article describes the number of instruments for realization of flexibility principle at organization management, which are developed relating management functions on example of main segments of enterprise’s activity at agro-industrial complex. There are follow function: aim statement, planning, the directing and orienting functions, functions of analysis, accounting and controlling. Analysis was conducted on such segments of enterprise’s activity, as the management to personal, to technologies, to subdivisions, to costs and results of production. Main instruments are: creation of system “change management” at enterprise; an involving of position «technology manager”; cost management system, conducted onto places of origin, carriers and centres of responsibility; creation of turn back relationships at information stream “boss-subordinate”; triad «independence, interest, responsibility”; an according of centralized and decentralized management; an according of personal and corporate interests. Employment of flexibility principle at organization management will allow to manage to changes efficiently, to create a system of fast reaction on provocations from over side and inside environment, entering of suitable corrections to strategy and tactic of activity for obtaining of stated objectives.
The article considers the main tools of agrarian policy within the framework of the model of parametric management of behaviour of economic entities. These instruments include: fixed and commodity transfers, as well as the minimum price. The main feature of this approach is ensuring the involvement of economic entities in agricultural activities even after the abolition of incentive measures. The same tools can give different results under different conditions, be different effective in different models of behaviour of business entities. On the other hand, the considered approach allows you to distinguish tools that claim to be invariants of parametric control, among which is the minimum price. This tool, according to the parametric behaviour management model of business entities, is the most effective for markets with a positive demand slope. Such demand is known to be characteristic of Giffen goods and essential goods in conditions of instability. Among these products are socially significant food products. The article provides a comparative analysis of the model results with agricultural policy tools in Russia and foreign countries (USA and Europe). It is shown that price regulation for some food products in foreign countries corresponds to the conclusions of the model. A typical example of establishing a lower price boundary is the price regulation of agriculture in the United States. At the same time, opposing approaches are used in Russia. Thus, during a period of instability, the practice of setting maximum prices for socially significant food is used. On the other hand, in the framework of the approach we are developing, the opposite regulatory measure can be used - setting minimum prices for food. Such a measure can contribute to the development of agricultural markets by stimulating entry into the industry of new participants and increasing competition in the corresponding markets. If necessary, this measure can be accompanied by subsidies to low-income consumers.
The effective formation and use of labour resources in agriculture was a national economic problem, which required the elaboration of methodological and practical issues aimed at improving the export potential of the industry, improving the quality of life of the rural population and developing the competitiveness of agriculture. The strategic problems of the agro-industrial complex, such as the outflow of labour resources from rural areas, the decrease in the provision of agricultural organizations with workers in mass professions, and the decline in the prestige of agrarian labour, necessitate the search for scientifically sound recommendations and mechanisms for attracting, preserving, developing and effectively using labour resources in agriculture. The article proposes a universal forecasting technique that allows you to study both labour resources in agriculture as a whole, in the Stavropol Territory, as well as certain categories of employees in the context of municipalities or their groups. For each of the considered scenarios, a set of programmatic measures is proposed aimed at increasing the provision of agricultural organizations with labour resources, increasing sectoral productivity and qualifications of workers, improving technologies for continuous agricultural education, and developing a system for monitoring personnel processes. In conclusion, an improved model of economic relations in the formation and use of labour resources is proposed, which includes two blocks: organizational, management and program, which will increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the tasks of creating labour resources and developing personnel potential in agriculture.
The existing model of interaction of agricultural producers with the main entities involved in the production and processing of agricultural products today does not have a systemic, interconnected, constant focus. The current model of the functioning of the food supply system of regions is characterized by multidirectional goals, objectives, principles, tools of its entities. According to the authors, the food security of the country and the food supply of its regions should be based on a common goal for all entities, and the interaction process should go beyond the framework of dyadic relations, which will allow the improved model to have an emergent property, thereby achieving the common goal of providing the population with high-quality foodstuff. In this case, the state should become a regulator of these relations. This process of transformation of relationships is most relevant for industrial regions, for example, such as the Kemerovo region - Kuzbass. In such regions, on the basis of combining the interests of the entities of the system of food supply of the population and their integration with the non-food sector entities, it is possible to improve the quality of food products; it is their integration that can become the main factor in the further development of the agribusiness, increasing its competitiveness.
Sectoral specialization by categories of farms in the districts of the Astrakhan region analyzed. The aim of the study was to analyze agricultural specialization by industry of various categories of farms in the Astrakhan region. Astrakhan region is a unique territory for its natural and climatic conditions. Therefore, at present the topical issue is the large-scale production and development of the crop and, in recent years, livestock industries, what are the prospects for the further development of the agricultural sectors: peasant (farmer) and personal subsidiary farms, small agricultural enterprises. The research methods were extensive surveys on the production potential and structural security of different categories of farms. Small forms of management occupy more and more stable positions in the economy of rural areas of the Astrakhan region. When analyzing the sectoral structure, it was possible to evaluate the high efficiency of small business in the Astrakhan region. The results of the sectoral structure of agricultural production by categories of farms are given. An economic and analytical interpretation of the acreage, gross yield and crop yields in small agricultural enterprises is given. It was concluded that small agricultural enterprises have the most favourable agricultural production for self-sufficiency with products and in-depth development in the Astrakhan region.
Agriculture is developed on the basis of system-reproduction methodology, the essence of which is expressed by economic categories: economic system-the object of research, management; reproduction-the goal of the economic system; intensification-the means to achieve the goal; efficiency-the price of achieving the goal. Agriculture consists of functional (technological, social, environmental) and organizational-economic (economic, organizational-management) subsystems. The article deals with the essence of modeling the reproduction process, the content of the system of models for functional subsystems of agriculture. A system of models of process intensification is presented reproduction of agriculture and specific analytical models of the state and development of agricultural enterprises.