The economy as an institutional system function thanks to a built-in mechanism that ensures optimal decision-making and implementation according to specified criteria. In this regard, all changes in the system and the external environment require adjustment of the economic mechanism. The article considers its conceptual model for the sectoral economy of the fisheries complex in the conditions of the political and economic sanctions that have fallen on Russia. As a promising way out of the current situation, a proposal is made to use the opportunities for the formation of locally integrated markets - to begin with, in the innovation sphere, which is gaining key importance in ensuring the scientific and technical sovereignty of the country. In constructive terms, the development of organizational forms of the economic mechanism is considered and the implementation of cluster policy is considered in relatively detail. Specific recommendations are made for their implementation in the practice of managing the complex of the fisheries industry.
The modern agricultural sector of the Russian economy is characterized by low wages relative to most other industries and types of economic activity. For dynamically developing domestic agribusiness, there is a need to develop scientific and methodological approaches to justify the costs of paying employees, allowing them to provide them with a decent level of wages while maintaining the profitability of business entities. This article demonstrates the results of a comprehensive analysis of the influence of the share of labor costs in the total costs of farmers on the earnings of employees. A comparative assessment of the efficiency of using labor costs in agricultural organizations and farms is provided. Using the example of the Saratov region, the author's methodological approaches to substantiating at the regional level the standard for the minimum share of costs for wages of employees in the structure of total expenses of farms are demonstrated. The obtained results of groupings of individual enterprise Head of peasant farm inregion by the size of the average monthly wage and by the share of labor costs in the structure of total expenses clearly demonstrate the reasons for the low level of wages of farmers. In order to ensure a decent level of wages for employees, the authors have developed and proposed for use an algorithm for planning labor costs on farms, taking into account the minimum share of labor costs established at the regional level in the structure of the total expenses of an economic entity.
The article considers agricultural cooperation as one of the key forms of management in agriculture in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Highlighted problems which hindering the development of agricultural cooperation. Presented analysis of the current state of agricultural cooperatives according to the main indicators. Particular attention is paid to state support, in particular, for agricultural consumer cooperatives. About a third of the financial resources of the state program for the development of agriculture in the republic is directed to the development and support of agricultural cooperation, in particular consumer cooperation - a quarter of the allocated funds. This makes the development of agricultural cooperation the main tool to support small forms of management in rural areas, which in turn leads to the fact that the development of agricultural cooperation is the main tool to support agriculture. This comes from the fact that in Yakutia there is a relatively high proportion of the rural population and an atypical structure of agricultural production, where the production of small forms of management strongly predominates over the production of agricultural organizations and is generally ahead of other indicators. Therefore, this is a formal role, but in fact, agricultural consumer cooperation has literally become a measure for providing state support and fulfills this role, pushing the very essence of cooperation somewhere into the background, as evidenced by a small share of participation in agriculture, without taking into account the amount of allocated funds.
Small forms of management are the basis for the development of agriculture and rural areas. The results of the Agricultural Micro-Census of 2021 showed a significant reduction in the number of small enterprises and farms. The decrease in the number of producers is noted precisely among small farms. At the same time, there is a tendency to increase the area per small enterprise and farm, which indicates the processes of concentration in agriculture. But small forms of management have low marketability indicators compared to large commodity producers, low availability of facilities for storing agricultural products. They are only formally equal market participants. In order to strengthen market positions, small business entities should use the reserves of cooperation as the main tool that ensures the increase in the efficiency of their economic activities. The institutional conditions created for agricultural cooperation (the law on agricultural cooperation, state support) did not ensure the mass participation of small business entities in agricultural cooperatives. In our opinion, the increase in involvement in agricultural consumer cooperatives is associated with the adjustment of the conditions of state support for agricultural consumer cooperatives, ensuring the priority of cooperation in state agrarian policy, strengthening the role of competence centers in the field of agricultural cooperation and support for farmers and municipalities in cultivating and transforming households into high-quality farms, training in the technology of creating cooperatives and popularization of cooperation in agriculture.
Municipalities are the most important link in the economic security system, they ensure the comfort of the life of the population, provide the level of social services, create favorable conditions for the life of the population. Each subject of the Russian Federation has distinctive features: geopolitical, natural-climatic, natural-raw materials, environmental, ethno cultural and others, which allows us to conclude that a single strategy model is unacceptable for all regions of the country. The purpose of the research is to assess the risks and threats of rural municipalities of the Republic of Kalmykia, group by hazard level and develop a municipal strategic planning system. The work methodology is based on the application of a set of different approaches to the development of a municipal strategic planning system and the justification of criteria for identifying threats and challenges to the economic security of rural municipalities, which will serve as the basis for municipal strategizing. Informative indicators are proposed that determine the level of threats to the economic security of municipalities, their theoretical justification is presented and the experience of their practical implementation is considered.
Maximum efficiency in agriculture can be achieved only by having up-to-date and accurate information about the area, topography, and specifics of the soil of the fields. The simplest and most effective way to obtain such information is to use drones. Drones in Russian agriculture are one of the most promising areas for which demand is actively growing. UAVs combine information and communication technologies, robots, artificial intelligence, big data and the Internet of Things. Agricultural drones have great capabilities and their use has expanded in all areas of agriculture, including spraying pesticides and fertilizers, sowing seeds, as well as growth assessment and mapping. Farmers use two types of UAVs, differing in their design and flight characteristics – aircraft type and copter. Today, drones are available not only to large agricultural holdings and complexes, but also to medium-sized and even small farms. For more active development of drones in the Russian market, regulatory barriers were lowered and special programs for training professional operators of small UAVs appeared. The market for agricultural UAVs is expected to continue to grow with appropriate technologies. The article examines the latest trends and areas of application of advanced technologies related to agricultural UAVs, control technologies, equipment and developments. The options for using UAVs in real agricultural conditions are given. The use of drones helps not only to conduct a detailed analysis of the conditions affecting the quality of vegetation, but also to optimize production.
The application of the new innovative practice of «Living Laboratories» within the framework of the concept of «Open Innovation» is analyzed on the example of agriculture in Canada. In modern scientific literature, the definition of «living laboratories» is defined by the field of interdisciplinary research, which is a practical example of the functioning of the model of a four-link spiral of innovation. It is clarified that living laboratories are projects or objects of scientific and industrial infrastructure based on the systematic involvement of: Business communities, State participation bodies, Science and Education Organizations and civil society like Citizens Users who actively engage in the innovation process in the conditions of modern realities. It is noted that living laboratories are guided in their work by the principles of open innovation, the active involvement of their own corporate scientific research, innovations and competencies from the outside, for the study, creation, use, testing and evaluation of innovations in real conditions. This approach is relatively new in the context of promoting sustainable agriculture but has already proven itself well in many other areas, such as information and communication technologies. The key role in the innovation process within the framework of open innovations is assigned to their users, in this case farmers. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the experience of using «live laboratories» in the agricultural sector of Canada in the context of promoting sustainable agriculture and new opportunities for farmers as key participants in innovation activities in «live laboratories» projects. In the work, this type of agricultural industry laboratories is proposed to be called «agroecological living laboratories». Based on the review of modern literature on innovations, the key principles of the work of agroecological living laboratories, their indicators and characteristics are determined. An overview of existing case projects is also presented, and the expected results of climate change are shown. The presented review will be of interest to researchers and practitioners dealing with interdisciplinary issues and innovation activities.
Currently, state authorities and the scientific community have focused on the export of products of the Russian agro-industrial complex. The interest of the State is reflected in the approval of a number of projects to support the development of export activities with significant budgetary funding. The interest of the scientific community is expressed in the increase in the number of scientific publications on this topic, indexed in the RSCI. If on this topic in 2011-2015. there were 10-20 scientific articles on the export of the agro-industrial complex annually, then in 2017-2021 more than 60. The growth of interest is due to reasons lying in the economic plane. In the Russian agro-industrial complex in the mid-2010s, prerequisites were created for the growth of production of crop products, primarily grain crops. From 2014 to 2021, grain production reached and annually exceeded the target of 100 million tons. At the same time, domestic consumption during this period increased slightly. The Russian Federation has taken a stable position as the world leader in grain exports. The position of state authorities on the further development of the export activities of the Russian agro-industrial complex is unambiguous. This is a steady growth in export volumes, reflected in the targets of the federal project "Export of agricultural products." In recent years, the goal of increasing exports has been systematically achieved. However, researchers are focusing on two of a kind of sub-water rocks of increasing exports. The first is an exceptional focus on raw materials exports, and monoproduct. The second is ignoring the possibility of directing part of the excess volumes of grain produced to the formation of the feed base of Russian animal husbandry. The potential of the Russian agro-industrial complex is very high, there are reasons to argue that its long-term development must be diversified, in three directions at once - it is necessary to continue to increase production volumes, maintain a leading position in grain export, develop the processing sector for the export of products with higher added value, and increase the feed base for the growth of livestock.
The issues of increasing the validity of the conceptual provisions of strategic planning for the development of the agri-food sector, aimed at creating the physical and economic accessibility of products, are raised. It has been determined that the current legal framework creates difficulties in implementing such a strategy concept, which ensures mutual coherence and unity of provisions on the sustainable development of the agricultural sector and ensuring food security as a complex problem solved at the sectoral and regional level. It is shown that the basis of the conceptual provisions of strategizing is the task of self-sufficiency of rational consumption standards and balancing of domestic demand and supply of domestic products at a fundamentally new level. To effectively integrate conceptual provisions into the strategic planning system, it has been established that it is methodologically correct to study the categories “physical accessibility” and “economic accessibility” in inextricable connection. It is proposed to supplement the content of strategic planning for the development of the agri-food sector with scientific provisions based on the convergence of the physical and economic accessibility of products. This will strengthen the conceptual line of the new Food Security Doctrine by setting a multi-purpose task to interlink production and consumption with rational standards and developing methods for its comprehensive solution. The effects of specifying conceptual provisions will extend to the methodological and practical foundations of strategizing. It is expected that the strategic planning system will be harmonized at the federal and regional levels, focused on the effective use of the competitive advantages of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in achieving new milestones in food security. Options for the legal promulgation and practical implementation of the proposed conceptual provisions for strategizing the agri-food sector are proposed.
The article considers the social and legal aspects of regulating seasonal employment in agriculture in the context of the implementation of social agrarian policy aimed at reducing unemployment in the rural area and increasing the social protection of seasonal agricultural workers. Attention is focused on the fact that a large mass of seasonal workers in agriculture, working under an employment contract, turned out to be outside the state-regulated issue of calculating the insurance length of service that has existed in industries since 2002 for similar employees. In this regard, a hypothesis is put forward about the gaps in the legislative support of such a form of activity as seasonal employment in agriculture, the principles of fixing the working conditions of seasonal workers in agriculture at the regulatory level are proposed. The author's concept of the category "Seasonal agricultural worker" is also formulated and the legal support of its status is proposed.